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1、计算机英语,第1章,第2章,第3章,第4章,第5章,第6章,第7章,Chapter 1 Fundamental Knowledge in Computer,Computer, one of the greatest scientific inventions and technological innovations in the 20th century, has made an extremely important impact on human life and their social and productive activities. Its fast development h
2、as formed a huge industry with robust growth and inspired continued technical advancement worldwide, which has consequently brought about profound changes to the human society. Today, computer is regarded as an important symbol indicating that human has entered the Information Age,1.1 History of the
3、 Computer Development,In 1946, the worlds first electronic computer, ENIAC (short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), was made in the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC contained more than 17,000 vacuum tubes and many other components. It was huge in size, but very simple in functions
4、compared with todays computers. Its occurrence, however, signified a milestone with deep and persistent influence on human life and society in the future. The computer development, from the birth of the first electronic computer till present, can be approximately divided into 4 stages in accordance
5、with the major components used in the computer.,(1) Vacuum tube computers - from 1946 when the first computer was successfully made to late 1950s. The vacuum tube was the key feature of the computers in this period. Machine language or assembly language was used for programming computers, with opera
6、tion speed from about a few thousand instructions per second to tens of thousands per second. (2) Transistor computers - from middle 1950s to late 1960s. The computers in this period used transistors as the major components, with smaller size and lower power consumption, but higher speed and reliabi
7、lity. The magnetic core was popularly used as the main memory while floppy disks and magnetic tapes were used as external storage media. High-level languages, such as COBOL, ALGOL, etc., were utilized as the programming languages. Operating systems emerged from the software. (3) Integrated circuit c
8、omputers - from middle 1960s to early 1970s. The computers in this period used integrated circuits as the fundamental components. Its size was reduced; while its power consumption and price were further lowered, and its speed and reliability were greatly raised. Semiconductor memory replaced magneti
9、c core memory. Operating systems were improved continually.,(4) Large-Scale Integration Computers - from early 1970s to present. In this period, Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuitries were used as the major components of the computers, and semiconductor chips with higher integration were used as
10、the main memory. The calculation speed of the computers reached as high as one MIPS (million instructions per second) or one hundred MIPS. Research on the system architecture, such as Multiprocessor System, Distributed System, and Computer Networking was progressing rapidly. The LSI-based microcompu
11、ters have gained fast development since early 1970s. Its unique advantages, such as small size, low power consumption, low price, fine performance, high reliability and easy operation, inspired its widespread application to almost all aspects of the society and peoples daily life and made it more an
12、d more popular.,1.2 Computer Architecture,Any computer system was composed of two parts, the hardware and the software. Hardware is the assembly of practical parts and components that are tangible and can be physically handled in a computer. The vast majority of computers in use today incorporate th
13、e stored-program principle set forth by von Neumann. The major components in a von Neumann architecture computer are the Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU), the Control Unit, the input and and output device,the memory and the storage media (disks, floppies, tapes and CD-ROMs). Outside data are sent to the
14、memory through the input device, the ALU manipulates the specific data stored in the memory and sent the outcomes to the memory. The output device is used for the computer user to receive the outcomes. The whole procedure of data input, output and interim processing is controlled by the Control Unit
15、. The fundamental components of the computer hardware are shown in Figure 1-1 where the solid lines represent the data flow and the dotted lines represent the control flow.,Generally, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the device that contains all the circuitry that the computer needs to manipulat
16、e data and execute instructions. The CPU is composed of five basic components: RAM, registers, buses, the ALU, and the Control Unit.,1.3 Main Technical Indexes for Computer,The technical performance of a computer depends on its architecture, hardware components, peripheral devices, software resources and some other factors. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize various criteria when giving an appropriate appraisal to the performance of a computer. These criteria include word l
