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1、GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY,1. Development of embryology 2. Germ cell and fertilization 3. Blastocyst and implantation 4. Formation of the germ layer 5. Differentiation of trilaminar germ and formation of embryo 6. Fetal membrane and placenta 7. Twins and multiple birth,Preembryonic period: 1st week to end o
2、f 2nd week fertilization to formation of bilaminar germ disc Embryonic period: 3rd week to end of 8th week formation of embryo Fetal period: 9th week to birth growth Perinatal stage: 26th week to 4 week after birth,Human ？,Plant,Animal,Development of embryology,Semen+menstration,Harvey, 1651:,All li
3、fe from oocyte,Malpighi, 1675:,A micro-chicken in an egg,Leewenhoek, 1677 :,A micro-human in a sperm,Aristotle, B.C 384-322,Haeckel, 1868 Biogenetic law,Spemann, 1869-1941 Experimental embryology,Wilmut,1997 Dolly,Germ cell and fertilization,Germ cell spermatozoon and ovum 1. Spermatozoon Capacitati
4、on：In female reproductive tract, the sperms were enabled to bind to the zona pellucida receptors. removal of glycoproteins (decapacitation factor) which cover the sperms 2. Ovum secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase in the second meiotic division,Fertilization: The process in which the spermatozoon
5、 penetrates into the ovum to form fertilized ovum. In the ampulla of oviduct,nucleus,acrosome,Penetration and release of acrosomal enzyme,Cell membrane of ovum,Process of fertilization,Sperm bind to sperm receptor ZP-3 induce Acrosome reaction：release of acrosomal enzyme,ovum,fertilized ovum,sperm,T
6、he second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is rapidly lifted and the second polar body is released, leaving a haploid female nucleus.,Zona reaction: Cortical granulesperivitelline space degrade ZP-3, alteration of zona pellucida barrier for sperm penetration,Contac of sperm and ovum,Sperm pe
7、netrate into the ovum,Formation of female and male pronucleus,Fusion of pronuclei, Fusion of the membrane of sperm and ovum, The nucleus of sperm penetrate into ovum, Formation of pronuclei, Fusion of pronuclei,Process of fertilization,Alteration of ovum,24 h,2.Condition of fertilization Normal ovum
8、 Normal sperm sufficient numbers Certain time 12-24h Free reproductive tract,3.Significance of fertilization A new life Diploid inheritance and aberrance Sex determination,Formation of blastocyst and implantation,Cleavage and formation of blastocyst 1. Cleavage： early division of fertilized egg 2. B
9、lastomere：daughter cells from cleavage 3. Morula：12 to 16- cell stage, enclosed in the zona pellucida, like morus 4. Blastocyst：about 100 blastmeres blastocoele、inner cell mass and trophoblast polar trophoblast,Phase of cleavage,Fertilized egg,2-cell stage 1836h,4-cell stage 3648h,8-cell stage 4860h
10、,Morula,12 to 16-cell stage The third day,Appearance and inner structure of blastocyst,Appearance,Inner structure,Movement of fertilized egg in the oviduct,Implantation (imbed) The process by which the blastocyst settles into endometrium. 6th day to 11th day Fundus and body of uterus zona pellucida
11、disappear at the 5th day 1.Trophoblast：proliferate and differentiate into two layers Syncytiotrophoblast：outer layer, fused each other, cell boundaries disappear Cytotrophoblast：inner layer， cell boundaries distinct, simple cuboidal cells,Movement and implantation of fertilized egg,Implantation at 7
12、th day,Endometrium,Polar trophoblast,Inner cell mass,Cytotrophoblast,2.Decidua： endometrium implantation decidua decidual response Decidua basalis：under the implantation site Decidua capsularis：between the implantation site and the uterine lumen Decidua parietalis：remaining endometrium,Decidua,Forma
13、tion of germ layer,Bilaminar germ disc 1.Bilaminar germ disk： Inner cell mass2 layers of cell in disc (7th day) Epiblast: columnar cells adjacent to trophoblast Hypoblast: cuboidal cells adjacent to blastocoele,Bilaminar germ disc,Epiblast,Hypoblast,Columnar cells,Cuboidal cells,2. Amnion：8th day ep
14、iblast amnioblast aminiotic membrane amniotic cavity amniotic fluid 3.Primary yolk sac： 9th day hypoblast extraembyronic endoderm primary yolk sac,Bilaminar germ disc at 9th day,Hypoblast,Epiblast,Amniotic cavity,Syncytio-trophoblast,Primary yolk sac,Bilaminar germ disc,Decidua,Syncytiotrophoblast,E
15、piblast,Hypoblast,Primary yolk sac,Amniotic cavity,Cytotrophoblast,4. Extraembryonic mesoderm: 10th-11th day 5. Extraembryonic cavity: 12th-13th day Extraembryonic mesoderm: visceral layer parietal layer 6. Secondary yolk sac: 13th day 7. Body stalk: 14th day,Embryo at 10th day,Primary yolk sac,Extr
16、aembryonic mesoderm,Germ disc,Amnion,Bilaminar germ disc,Decidua,Amniotic cavity,Epiblast,Hypoblast,Extraembryonic mesoderm,Primary yolk sac,Cytotrophoblast,Syncytiotrophoblast,Embryo at 13th day,Extraembryonic cavity,Primary yolk sac,Secondary yolk sac,Body stalk,Bilaminar germ disc,Body stalk,Secondary yolk sac,Extraembryonic cavity,Primary stem vi
