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1、1,Deadlocks,Chapter 3,3.1. Resource 3.2. Introduction to deadlocks 3.3. The ostrich algorithm 3.4. Deadlock detection and recovery 3.5. Deadlock avoidance 3.6. Deadlock prevention 3.7. Other issues,2,Resources,Examples of computer resources printers tape drives tables Processes need access to resour
2、ces in reasonable order Suppose a process holds resource A and requests resource B at same time another process holds B and requests A both are blocked and remain so,3,Resources (1),Deadlocks occur when processes are granted exclusive access to devices we refer to these devices generally as resource
3、s Preemptable resources can be taken away from a process with no ill effects Nonpreemptable resources will cause the process to fail if taken away,4,Resources (2),Sequence of events required to use a resource request the resource use the resource release the resource Must wait if request is denied r
4、equesting process may be blocked may fail with error code,5,Introduction to Deadlocks,Formal definition : A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause Usually the event is release of a currently held resource None
5、of the processes can run release resources be awakened,6,Four Conditions for Deadlock,Mutual exclusion condition each resource assigned to 1 process or is available Hold and wait condition process holding resources can request additional No preemption condition previously granted resources cannot fo
6、rcibly taken away Circular wait condition must be a circular chain of 2 or more processes each is waiting for resource held by next member of the chain,7,Deadlock Modeling (2),Modeled with directed graphs resource R assigned to process A process B is requesting/waiting for resource S process C and D
7、 are in deadlock over resources T and U,8,Deadlock Modeling (3),Strategies for dealing with Deadlocks just ignore the problem altogether detection and recovery dynamic avoidance careful resource allocation prevention negating one of the four necessary conditions,9,How deadlock occurs,A B C,Deadlock
8、Modeling (4),10,Deadlock Modeling (5),How deadlock can be avoided,(o) (p) (q),11,The Ostrich Algorithm,Pretend there is no problem Reasonable if deadlocks occur very rarely cost of prevention is high UNIX and Windows takes this approach It is a trade off between convenience correctness,12,Detection
9、with One Resource of Each Type (1),Note the resource ownership and requests A cycle can be found within the graph, denoting deadlock,13,Detection with One Resource of Each Type (2),Data structures needed by deadlock detection algorithm,14,Detection with One Resource of Each Type (3),An example for t
10、he deadlock detection algorithm,15,Recovery from Deadlock (1),Recovery through preemption take a resource from some other process depends on nature of the resource Recovery through rollback checkpoint a process periodically use this saved state restart the process if it is found deadlocked,16,Recove
11、ry from Deadlock (2),Recovery through killing processes crudest but simplest way to break a deadlock kill one of the processes in the deadlock cycle the other processes get its resources choose process that can be rerun from the beginning,17,Deadlock Avoidance Resource Trajectories,Two process resou
12、rce trajectories,18,Safe and Unsafe States (1),Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe,(a) (b) (c) (d) (e),19,Safe and Unsafe States (2),Demonstration that the sate in b is not safe,(a) (b) (c) (d),20,The Bankers Algorithm for a Single Resource,Three resource allocation states safe safe unsafe,(
13、a) (b) (c),21,Bankers Algorithm for Multiple Resources,Example of bankers algorithm with multiple resources,22,Deadlock Prevention Attacking the Mutual Exclusion Condition,Some devices (such as printer) can be spooled only the printer daemon uses printer resource thus deadlock for printer eliminated
14、 Not all devices can be spooled Principle: avoid assigning resource when not absolutely necessary as few processes as possible actually claim the resource,23,Attacking the Hold and Wait Condition,Require processes to request resources before starting a process never has to wait for what it needs Pro
15、blems may not know required resources at start of run also ties up resources other processes could be using Variation: process must give up all resources then request all immediately needed,24,Attacking the No Preemption Condition,This is not a viable option Consider a process given the printer halfway through its job now forcibly take away printer !?,25,Attacking the Circular Wait Condition (1),Normally ordered resources A resource graph,(a) (b),26,Attacking the Circular Wait Condition (1),Summary of approaches to deadlock prevention,27,Other Issues Two-Pha
