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1、第二章：英国文学经典的再阐释,文本化帝国 ：帝国主义是通过无以数计的文化形式,通过文化象征层面上的炫耀和展示,才得到肯定、认可和合法化的。这就是我们所说的帝国主义文本化，或文本化帝国。 殖民化的过程就是用生命、用资产，而首先是用意义来进行的一场赌博和试验。（博艾默）,英国文学经典的再阐释：后殖民文化批评理论的一个重要内容就是对欧洲经典文本进行重读，进行意识形态的审视。这种重读一方面包括重新阐释，另一方面包括从后殖民视角进行的经典重写。 斯蒂文森的金银岛和巴兰坦的珊瑚岛 、笛福的鲁宾逊漂流记、奥斯汀的曼斯菲尔德庄园 、夏洛特的简爱、狄更斯的远大前程、吉卜林的丛林之书、吉姆、康拉德的黑暗之心、吉姆
2、爷、福斯特的印度之行等 。,简里斯藻海无边 简爱 库切的福、塞尔文的孤独的伦敦人、摩西登高、米歇尔图尼埃的礼拜五或太平洋上的虚无缥缈之境鲁宾逊漂流记,第一节 Daniel Defoe and “Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”,一、生平与创作 笛福（16611731） Defoe is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel;,二、,the son of a London butcher（肉商） named Foe First, Defoe was a jack-at-all trad
3、es（博而不精的人）; Second, he was a radical Nonconformist（新教教徒） in religion, and was intended by his father for the independent ministry（牧师）. The puritan （清教徒）zeal for reform possessed him, and he tried to do so by his pen.,Third, Defoe was a journalist and pamphleteer, with a reporters eye for the picture
4、sque （奇特有趣的）and a newspaper mans instinct for making a “good story”. Forth, Defoe knows the life in prison very well.His prison experience, and the further knowledge of criminals gained in over twenty years as a spy, accounts for his numerous stories of thieves , pirates, villains (歹徒）, outcasts（法外之
5、民） . 1702年,讽喻小册子消灭不同教派的捷径（The Shortest Way with Dissenters）,Writings,鲁滨逊漂流记 (Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ，1719) 辛格尔顿船长（Captain Singleton,1720), 杰克上校（Colonel Jack,1722） 、摩尔弗兰德斯（Moll Flanders,1722） 、罗克萨娜（Roxana,1724） 历史作品：瘟疫年纪事(A Journal of the Plague Year，1722) 、保王党回忆录（Memoirs of a Cavalier,1724）,二
6、鲁滨逊漂流记中的殖民思想 Colonial thoughts in the Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,(一）情节（Plot Summary ) Brazil , sugar plantation , a trader on a slave hulk (奴隶船), Friday , English and Christianity an adventure story,Robinson Crusoe,The book is an expression of the bourgeois（中产阶级的） qualities of individual
7、ism and private enterprise. Robinson is a new man - a man sure of himself and sure of being able to establish himself anywhere in the world. He is a man of a new age, in which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and confidence. Robinson is the enterpriser（进取者） of his age. He is ready to comma
8、nd nature, his enemy, and to found his colony beyond the seas. He is a merchant-adventurer, interested in material profits. He is a colonist, the empire builder.,影响,英国学者马丁格林在冒险的梦想,帝国的需求(Dreams of Adventure, Needs of Empire)中指出:“在鲁滨逊漂流记诞生后的两百多年里,作为消遣来阅读的有关英国人的冒险故事,实际上激发了英帝国主义的神话。从总体上来说,这些故事都是英国讲述自身的故
9、事。它们以梦想形式赋予英国力量、意志,以便使英国人走出国门,探寻世界、征服世界和统治世界”,范型作用：“海难沉船、异地扎根、建立文明、探宝、奴隶、对食人生番的恐惧等这些主题，在儿童故事中不断的重复出现。在殖民文学中，白人主人与黑人奴隶或仆人的对立，似乎已成为毋庸置疑的常态格局。”（博埃默，52）,（二）父权帝国的建构,驱使主人公五次航海的动力就是一个英国人对于海外财富的渴望和对陆上权力的神往。 他对荒岛的开发是殖民者建立父权帝国的一个缩影。,I taught him to say Master, and then let him know, that was to be my name(p.2
10、09) I found Friday was still a cannibal in his nature; but I discoveredrevealed so much abhorrence(憎恶，厌恶) at the very thoughts of it, and at the least appearance of it, (p.210),never man had a more faithful, loving, sincere servant, than Friday was to me; without passions, sullenness（坏脾气）, or design
11、s, perfectly obliged and engaged(p.211) This frequently gave me occasion to observe, and that with wonder, thatGod, in his providencehas bestowed upon them the same powers, the same reason, the same affections, the same sentiments of kindness and obligation, the same passions and resentments of wron
12、gs, the same sense of gratitude（感谢）, sincerity（诚意）, fidelity（忠诚）, and all the capacities of doing good and receiving good, that He has given to us(p.212),I was greatly delighted with him, and made it my business to teach him every thing that was proper to make him useful, handy（得心应手）, and helpful(p.
13、213) I seriously prayed to God that He would enable me to instruct savingly this poor savageand would guide me to speak so to him from the word of God, as his conscience might be convinced, his eyes opened, and his soul saved.(p.221),鲁滨逊式虚拟帝国的建立,经历了三个发展阶段。 第一步是通过奴役野人使小岛文明化。 第二步是将古老的美洲文明语言、文字、宗教一笔抹杀,
14、然后用自己的文明去重新统一历史。 “我从上帝的语言中轻而易举地理解了上帝和耶稣基督拯救世人的意义。仅仅读一下圣经,我就能明白自己的责任义无反顾地担起赎罪这一伟大任务”(笛福166) 第三步是加速王国的殖民化,对小岛的资源进行掠夺性的深度开发。,（三）殖民叙事：对他者的妖魔化,一、对土著他者进行肆无忌惮的野蛮化书写吃人的野蛮人 对他者的野蛮化书写一方面是通过将他者降低，来证实自己统治的合理性，另一方面也是殖民者自我阴暗面的投射。 替罪人意识,（四）经典的生成与重写,鲁滨逊漂流记在流传的过程中经过无数文化权威们的解读,逐渐由通俗走向了经典 。 瓦特的小说的兴起(The Risen of Novel
15、s) 卢梭把这本书视为“一本具有一切书本知识的书”并推荐为爱弥儿的教材 ，英国小说家克拉拉里夫(17291807)在传奇文学的发展中把该书列入“卓越的、有独创性的作品”之列 ，英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治在读到笛福描写鲁滨逊在破船的柜子里发现了一些金币时,曾崇拜得五体投地,由衷地赞叹“堪与莎士比亚媲美”(转引自瓦特130)。到了20世纪,“加缪把笛福在鲁滨逊漂流记中提出的寓言性声明用作鼠疫(1948)的卷首引语:用另一种囚禁生活来描绘一种囚禁生活,用虚构的故事来陈述真实,两者都可取。同时,安德鲁马尔洛写道,对那些看过了监狱和集中营的人来说,只有三本书还保持着它们的真实性:鲁滨逊漂流记、堂吉诃德和白
16、痴”(转引自瓦特146)。,逐渐融入了帝国主义的殖民教育体系,进入了英语国家的中学讲堂,成为必修课程的一部分 。 鲁滨逊漂流记的传统主题持续流行,撒播着关于海外扩张的种种神话 ，奥斯汀、玛丽雪莱、狄更斯、萨克雷、夏洛蒂勃朗特、康拉德、吉卜林等都从这部小说中吸取了营养 。 叙述模式：海外冒险小说,皮尔曼指出:“问题不在它是英语小说中最流行的一部,而在于许许多多的读者都对书中主人公的性格熟视无睹如果脱去这本小说民族优越感的外衣,我们便可看到其殖民主义的本质。一个无法在自己的国家获得成功的懦弱的人,一个生性浮躁、反复无常的人来到异邦,他在国内接受的技术文明很快使他优越于当地人。于是他掠夺土地,屠杀异教徒,用武力使那些改变信仰的人成为他的工具。他蔑视土著人但也害怕他们。如果他的安全受到威胁,他随时准备对他们进行屠杀。正是在
