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1、一. 宾语从句object clause：一. 定义definition：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。二. 连接词connections：that: I think that you can pass the exam.Whether/if: I dont know what the word means.“Wh”: I dont know what the word means.I dont know where he found the book.只用whether的情况：1. 与or not连用：I dont know whether its raining or not. 2
2、. 与动词不定式连用：He doesnt know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 连接词前有介词时：It depends on whether he is coming.三. 时态tenses:1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可)She wants to know what he has done for the exam.2.主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she would fly to Japan in a
3、 week.3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 二. 定语从句 Attributive clause： 1. 定义：在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句2. 先行词指人 who /that 先行词指物 which/ that3. 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）后4.关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分，所以从句中不可再出
4、现其他代替先行词的代词5.翻译方法 “. 的”Eg. 1. Yesterday we bought a book which is really hard to understand.2. The students who are from Maple Leaf School like learning English.Whom: 先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词的宾语）, 与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best.2. I dont like the boy to whom yo
5、u are talking. Whose : 指人或物，作定语，表示 “的”eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.关系代词只能 that 的特殊情况:1.先行词前有序数词修饰时：This is the first gift that my parents bought me.2.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时：This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.3. 先行词是不定代词something,anything等时.e.g. Isthereanythingthaty
6、ouwantinthisshop4. 先行词是人和物时, 用that. e.g. Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbooksthat wereunknowntousall.5. 先行词被all , little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等词修饰时,只能用thate.g. This is the last place that I want to visit.6. 特殊疑问句以who 或which 开头，只能用that引导.Who is the girl that is making a speech on the pl
7、atform?当关系代词前使用介词时：物+介词+which ; 人+ 介词 + whom当关系代词前使用介词时：e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing.2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.三. 状语从句：Adverbial clauses定义：在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。 状语从句一般分为八大类时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 方式状语
8、从句 让步状语从句1. 时间状语从句 When -当时候, 通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生。When I opened the window, I saw him come up.When - 正在的时候，突然。通常主句是进行时或 be about to 时，在翻译的时候，when 可以译成没想到或突然。I was walking along the street , when I met him.When 当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.When=af
9、terWhen the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons. While -在期间，往往指一段时间。While we were in America, we saw him twice.While -表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受等。We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.As - 一边一边, 随着She was doing her homework as she was listening
10、to the music.As - 当时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。As I was going out, it began to rain.The moment - 一就 =as soon as , immediately,-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her.Not until - 直到才He didnt leave the office until he finished the work.Before - 在之前The
11、passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs.After - 在 之后The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.Since -自从, 通常主句用现在完成时I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.It is just a week since we arrived here. As
12、 soon as - 一就Jack went to school as soon as he got well.No sooner than - 一就no sooner than 用于句首要求倒装Hardly whenScarcely whenNo sooner had he arrived than he went away again.Once - 一但就Once you see him, you will never forget him. Every time, each time 每次whenever 每当Each time he came to town, he would vis
13、it our school. 2. 条件状语从句引导状语从句的连接词有:If如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as - 据所知，in case万一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以为条件If -如果If you dont hurry up, you will miss the plane.Unless - 如果不, 除非=if notWe cant get there on time unless we book the earliest flightAs long as - 只要We will suc
14、ceed as long as we keep on trying.As (so) far as - 据所知As far as I know, he speaks English very well.In case - 假使, 如果The plane cannot take off in case it rains.Provided that 如果,有时省略 thatThe plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.On condition that - 条件是He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.注:主从句的动作发生在将来时，则主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时。If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport.3.地点状语从句 地点状语从句只有两个连词: Where, whereverWhere - 在地方Where there is a will, there is a way.Wherever - 无论哪里Wherever you are, I will
