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1、研究生英语精读教程(第三版上),Unit One,You Are What You Think,1. Text,2. Exercises,3. Supplementary Reading,You Are What You Think,And if you change your mind from pessimism to optimismyou can change your life Claipe Safran,doughnut n炸面圈 clich n. idea or expression that has been too much used and is now outdated;
2、 stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陈腔滥调 scrutinize vmake a detailed examination of 细查，详审；审视, 1 Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power o
3、f positive thinking., 2 A fast-growing body of research104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 peopleis proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimismleads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and p
4、ainful shyness.,optimism n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright side of things; confidence in success乐观；乐观主义 pessimism n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentially evil悲观；悲观主义 depression n. being
5、 sad; low spirit沮丧，抑郁,“If we could teach people to think more positively,“ says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，“it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.“,psychologist n. 心理学家，研究心理学者, 3 “Your abilities count,“ explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier
6、of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.“ In part , thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.,in part: to some extent在某种程度上, 4 Take, for example, your job.
7、 In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the
8、negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.,metropolitan adj. of or in a capital city大城市的，大都会的，首府的, 5 Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hire
9、d, sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative., 6 How did they do it? The secret to an optimists success, according to Seligman, is in his “explanatory style“. When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. “Im no good at this, “ he says, “I always fail.“ The opti
10、mist looks for loopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person.,loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞 connection n. joining or being joined; point where two things 连接；连接点；连接物,That customer wa
11、s in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.,credit n. honour, approval, good name or reputation荣誉；赞许；好名声 fluke n. something resulting from a fortunate accident; lucky stroke侥幸的结果；侥幸, 7 Craig Anderson had a group of students
12、 phone strangers and ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, “I cant do this.“ Optimists told themselves, “I need to try a different approach.“ 8 Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. “If people feel hopeless, “says A
13、nderson, “they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.“,donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐赠；赠送 prophecy n. power of telling what will happen in the future; statement that tells what will happen预言能力；预言,9 A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus te
14、st for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt seek advice, since he assumes nothing can
15、be done.,litmus n. blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸 plaything n. toy;(fig. ) somebody treated as a mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物, 10 Optimists may think they are better than the fa
16、cts would justifyand sometimes thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.,breast n. ei
