《英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋5 Semantics 新编简明版本设计.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋5 Semantics 新编简明版本设计.ppt（39页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 5 Semantics,Semantics-the study of language meaning. What is meaning?- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning.,Some views concerning the study of meaning,Naming theory (Plato) （命名论） The conceptualist view （概念观） Contextualism (Bloomfi
2、eld) （语境论） Behaviorism （行为主义）,Naming theory (Plato),Words are names or labels for things. Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, phoenix 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abs
3、tract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred,The conceptualist view,The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation（对概念的综合理
4、解及分析） of concepts in the mind.,Ogden:gdn and Richards: semantic triangle,Symbol/form: words/phrases/sentences,Referent（指示物）: object in the world of experience,Thought/reference(所指):concepts in mind,The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of（依靠） the concept associated with the form of the wor
5、d in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.,The contextualism （语境理论）,Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contextelements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context
6、: spatiotemporal（时空的） situation. Linguistic context: the probability of a words co-occurrence or collocation. For example, “black” in black hair “the president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation.,Behaviorism,Behaviorists attempted to define meani
7、ng as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth（引出）in the hearer”. The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_r-s_R (physical stimulus) (verbal response) (verbal stimulus) (non-verbal response) (wants the apple) (speaks to Jack) (hears) (gives Jill),Lexical meaning,S
8、ense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense(意义) reference(语义),Sense- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract a
9、nd de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. For example, the word “dog”is given the definition “a domesticated(驯化的) canine （犬牙）mammal, occurring in many breeds(一胎多仔） that show a great variety in size and form”. This doesnt refer to any particular dog tha
10、t exist in the real world,but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word “dog”.,Reference-what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisti
11、c world of experience. If we say “The dog is barking”, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word “dog” refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog” in this particular situation.,Note,Linguistic forms having the sam
12、e sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk. *Venus 金星 在西边时是evening star 长
13、庚星 在东边时是morning star 启明星,Major sense relations,Synonymy snnm (同义现象) Antonymy nt,nmi （反义现象） Polysemy pl,sim （多义现象） Homonymy homnm （同音/形异义现象） Hyponymy haipnimi （下义关系）,Synonymysnnm,Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 1) Di
14、alectal synonymssn,nm - synonyms used in different regional dialects, e.g. autumn - fall, biscuit - cracker, petrol gasoline 2) Stylistic synonyms-synonyms differing in style, e.g. kid, child, offspring; start, begin, commence;,3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning, e.g.coll
15、aborator（合作者）accomplice（帮凶）, 4) Collocational（搭配的） synonyms, e.g. accuseof（控告）, chargewith, rebuke（ 谴责）for; 5) Semantically different synonyms, e.g. amaze（suggesting confusing and bewilderment）, astound (suggesting difficulty in believing),Antonymy nt,nm,Gradable （分级）antonyms-there are often interme
16、diate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, Complementary （互补）antonyms-the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, Relational （关系）opposites-exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-
