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1、专题十四 名词名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boy-friendboy-friends，go-betweengo-betweens(中间人)，grown-upgrown-ups。(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘
2、，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb. 向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth. 有礼貌做某事。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员
3、。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour赢得荣誉an honour引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure失
4、败者by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure乐事抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her w
5、rong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(d
6、rive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。4.名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。air pollution 空气污染boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身体语言road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖(2)时间、地点、称呼等。D
7、octor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。reception desk接待台 sports field田径场stone table石桌 color TV彩电5.几组常考名词辨析(1)cause，reason，excusecause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of；reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for；excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。Carelessness is the cause of the accident.The reason for he
8、r coming late was that her car broke down on the way.Late again! Whats your excuse of this time?(2)sight，view，scene，scenerysight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。Come and see the sights of London.view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tow
9、er.scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。The sunrise is a beautiful scene.I was touched by the happy scene.scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.(3)award，reward两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于award sth. to sb. 中
10、；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于reward sb. for sth. 。He won the first award in the singing contest.He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.(4)habit，custom，customshabit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母
11、大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。题组训练选词填空1.“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.2.Theres a tradition in our office that when its somebodys birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.3.Whats the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesnt mak
12、e an effort to help himself?4.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.5.The cat jumped away，out of his reach.6.We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.7.How can I reward you for your help?8.Social customs vary greatly fro
13、m country to country.1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018江苏，32)A.assignment B.associationC.acquisition D.assumption答案D解析句意为：努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D项assumption意为“假设”，符合语境。youve made是定语从句，修饰assumption，make an assumption意为“做出假设”。assignment任务，作业；
14、association联系；acquisition获得，得到。2.The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津，6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案C解析句意为：在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命，这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility意为“可能性”，符合语境，故选C。advice建议；order命令，秩序；invitatio
15、n邀请，请柬。3.Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016江苏，24)A.recipe B.recordC.range D.receipt答案A解析考查名词词义辨析。句意为：您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗？确切地说，是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知，此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe秘诀，诀窍，符合句意。record记录；range范围；receipt收据，均不符合题意。4.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016天津，10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案D解析考查名词词义辨析。句意为：天气预报说多云，今天夜间下雨的可能性不大。chance意为“可能性”，符合语境。effect结果，效应；sense感觉
