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1、.阅读理解(建议用时16)A2016江苏高考Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regul
2、arly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides foo
3、d for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in ach
4、ieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several
5、 reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not im
6、proved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were
7、 considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a sha
8、red purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”， a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.篇章导读：本文是一篇研究报告。科学家通过比较黑猩猩和小孩子的行为得出结论，黑猩猩很自私，而很小的孩子就会帮助别人，与人合作和分享，这是人的本性。1What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?AChimps seldom care about others interests.BChimps tend to provide food f
9、or their children.CChimps like to take in their neighbors food.DChimps naturally share food with each other.答案：A细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的实验得知，黑猩猩不关心、不在乎同类。故A项正确。其中C项干扰性较大，黑猩猩只是自私，而不是喜欢那么做。2Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they _.Ahave the instinct to help othersBknow how to offer help
10、to adultsCknow the world better than chimpsDtrust adults with their hands full答案：A推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一、二句得知，小孩帮助他人是出于本能。故A项正确。B项太片面；C、D两项文中没提到。3The passage is mainly about _.Athe helping behaviors of young childrenBways to train childrens shared intentionalityCcooperation as a distinctive human natureDth
11、e development of intelligence in children答案：C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过对黑猩猩和小孩进行的实验证实了助人、与别人合作是人独有的本能。A项干扰性较大，文章不是简单地介绍了小孩子的助人行为。1minimum adj. 最低的；最小的2decline vt. 谢绝；婉言拒绝；下降；衰退3cooperative adj. 合作的；同心协力的4unrelated adj. 无关联的；不相关的5considerably adv. 很；非常；相当多地1no better than 与(几乎)一样；和(几乎)一样坏2intend to do 打算做BChi
12、ldrens lives have changed greatly over the last 50 years. But do they have a happier childhood than you or I did?Its difficult to look back on ones own childhood without some element of nostalgia (怀旧的). I have four brothers and sisters, and my memories are all about being with them, playing board ga
13、mes on the living room floor, or spending days in the street with the other neighborhood children, racing up and down on our bikes, or exploring the nearby woods. My parents scarcely appear in these memories, except as providers either of meals or of severe blame after some particularly risky advent
14、ure. These days, in the UK at least, the nature of childhood has changed dramatically. Firstly, families are smaller, and there are far more only children. It is common for both parents to work outside the home and there is the feeling that there just isnt time to bring up a large family, or that no
15、 one could possibly afford to have more than one child. As a result, todays boys and girls spend much of their time alone. Another major change is that youngsters today tend to spend a huge amount of their free time at home, inside. More than anything this is due to the fact that parents worry far m
16、ore than they used to about real or imagined dangers, so they wouldnt dream of letting their children play outside by themselves. Finally, the kind of toys children have and the way they play is totally different. Computer and video games have replaced the board games and more interesting activities of my childhood. The irony (令人啼笑皆非的事情) is that
