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1、Grammar: Infinitive,Module 4,杨光辉 2016年6月10日,书山有路勤为径 学海无涯苦作舟,一、不定式 1、不定式的时态与语态构成形式,书山有路勤为径 学海无涯苦作舟,2、不定式的基本含义 、一般式表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发 生或在其后发生。 (2)、进行式强调谓语动词的动作发生时其动作正在进行。 （3）、完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词动作 之前。 （4）、完成进行式表示其动作从过去延续至今，且有可能继续。,3、不定式的基本用法（功能） 、做主语 To learn an art is very hard. It is very hard to learn an
2、 art. It is necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当我们说话时，如果句子的主语是动词，由于动词不能 直接做主语，故必须用不定式形式或者动名词形式。不定式做主语时，常常用it做形式主语，而把真正的主语 不定式放在句末。例如： To protect the environment is very important. It is very important to protect the environment, 、作宾语 下列动词后面只能接不定式 决心学会想希望（decide/determine/learn
3、/want/would like/wish/expect/hope)拒绝设法愿假装（refuse/ manage/pretend)要求答应选计划（demand/promise/ choose/plan)同意请求帮一帮（agree/ask/beg/help) 提出打算又失败（offer/intend/fail) I hope to go to college. She managed to get two tickets for the football match. He pretended not to know the facts. My e-pal wants to see me.,特别
4、提醒,She feels it her duty to help others. They made it a rule to meet on Sunday. I found it hard to find a job in Shenzhen. She considered it pleasant to work with those people.,当think/consider/believe/feel/find/make等动词后以带to的不定式做宾语时，带有名词、形容词作补语，则必须使用it做形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式放在句末。,（3）作表语 用来表示主语的具体内容是什么。 Her
5、dream is to be a doctor. The wisest way is to give up this decision. The first thing he did was to express thanks to her. （4）做宾补 a、带to的不定式做宾补,主要用于ask/tell/beg would like/wish/want/warn/advise/expect等后。 She advised me to listen to some soft music. The director asked him to play a role in the film. Th
6、e teacher told me to listen carefully in class.,b、不带to的不定式做宾补 在“一感”(feel)“二听”(hear/listen to)“三让”(make/let/ have)“五看”(look at/see /watch/notice/observe)等11个单词后的不定式 做宾补时不带to,但被动式中要还原to. They saw the boy fall off the tree. We watched the sun sink behind the hills. I often hear him sing this song. Some
7、 students have to be made to study. He is often heard to sing this song.,c、其他形式的宾补 1）with的复合结构中，with+n/pron+to do 该不定式只有主动式。表示动作尚未发生。 With a lot of work to do, I cant go with you. With too many problems to solve, the newly elected president is having a hard time. 2) leave sb/sth to do 表示让某人/某物怎么样，动作
8、 尚未发生 She told me to leave the rice to cook for 20minutes. Leave me to wash your shoes? No way!,(5)、做定语。 不定式作定语与其所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的 主谓关系、动宾关系和同位关系。 He is always the first to come to school. (主谓关系） I begged her to give me something to eat. （动宾关系） We got an order to leave the building at once. （同位关系） 注意：
9、序数词或序数词所修饰的名次只能用不定式修饰，如例1。再如： He is the second student to win such a prize.,不及物动词的不定式作定语时，如果与被修饰的 名词有动宾关系，要注意加适当的介词来连接。 I need a pen to write with. He wanted to rent a room to live in. She is a very nice person to work with. He gave me a big box to put all my books in. 此用法同样适用于下列句型： The bed is too h
10、ard to sleep on. Guiyang is suitable to live in.,特别提醒,不定式作定语时，如果与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，但同时与另一个名词或代词有主谓关系，该不定式只用主动式；若只存在动宾关系而无主谓关系，则必须是被动式,特别提醒,I still have a lot of work to do. Mother was doing washing and so she asked me if I had any clothes to be washed.,（6）、做状语。不定式做状语主要表示目的、结果和原因。 a、用in order(not) to do st
11、h /so as(not) to do sth/ to do sth 等结构表示动作的目的。其中，so as to 不能放在句首。 To save money, she tried every means. She went to the station to meet her friend. I got up early so as to be there on time.,b、用tooto/enough to/only to表示结果。 He lived to be 98 years old. The patient is too weak to stand up. The ice wasn
12、t thick enough to walk on. He hurried to the station out of breath, only to find the train gone. c、不定式做状语表原因，往往在情绪情感的表语形容词之后。 He was very happy to meet us. Im very pleased to be invited here to give you a lesson.,(7)、独立成分 常用作独立成分的不定式有： to tell the truth / to be honest / to be frank / to speak frankl
13、y/to be exact / to speak exactly / to begin(start) with 此类不定式短语用作状语，修饰全句，不要求其逻辑主语与句中主语保持一致。例如： To tell the truth , I dislike the way he treats us. To be frank, you are not fit for the job. To be with, you should show us your honesty.,4、不定式的几个注意要点 a、表示某一特定动作、具体动作或将来动作，宜用不定式。例如： Usually, I like taking
14、 a walk after supper, but this afternoon, I like to play badminton . b、在tooto结构中，如果too后面glad/pleased/ happy/willing/ready/eager等形容词,或者在否定句中，不定式表示肯定意义。 Im too glad to help you. This text isnt too difficult to understand.,c、“计划未能实现”类动词的不定式用法 expect/hope/mean/plan/intend/want等动词的过去式加不定式的完成式等于它的过去完成式加不定
15、式的一般式，表示“过去未曾实现的希望、意图或打算”。 I had meant to come to your help ,but I was too busy. I meant to have come to your help ,but I was too busy. We had expected you to come,but you didnt. We expected you to have come, but you didnt.,d、当做定语的不定式与所修饰的名词有动宾关系同时又与另一个名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动式。 The mother gave the boy something to eat. Toms sister asked him if he had any clothes to be washed.,
