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1、 词义猜测题增分点(二)“根据逻辑关系”猜测语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义帮助最大的逻辑关系有并列关系、转折关系和因果关系等。典例1(2017全国卷阅读D节选).Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the
2、attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. .33What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?AThe attackers get attacked.BThe insects gather under the table.CThe plants get ready to fight back.DThe perfumes attract natura
3、l enemies.解析选A本题考查对文章中一句话的理解，属于广义的词义猜测题。画线词前面的句子说明了一些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌。在这一句后面，又使用了一句同义并列的句子来对其进行解释，根据后一句话的意思 “正在吃午餐的攻击者变成了午餐”可以知道，画线句子是指袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击，故选A。干扰项分析B项无中生有；C项干扰性强，前文讲到当植物受到攻击时，它们不是坐以待毙，但根据前文的“attract different insects”，这里并不是指反击；D项是断章取义，文中讲的是“吸引袭击者的天敌”。增分技巧根据并列关系进行猜测英语中可以使用also,
4、as .as, similarly, and, or, just as, like等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。如：Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 分析：这个句子里面使用了表示并列关系的单词and，还使用了表示“相似”的单词similarly，由此可知，画线单词loquacious表达的意思和“loves to talk”的意思一样，即“健谈的”。典例2(2017全国卷阅读C节选).Gray wolves once
5、 were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were f
6、ewer humans around.29What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?ATested.BSeparated.CForced out. DTracked down.解析选C画线词前面的句子说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，由此可推断出此句意为人类的发展逐渐地使灰狼“被迫离开”，故选C。干扰项分析A项意为“测试”；B项意为“分离，隔开”； D项意为“搜寻到，追查到”。B项干扰性最强，下文提到灰狼在黄石公园消失，由此可知B项错误。增分技巧根据转折关系进行猜测in co
7、ntrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。如：Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.(同极相斥，异极相吸)分析：这是一个典型的表示对比关系的句子，前后表达了相反的意思，还使用了反义对比的词汇Like和unlike，由此可知，repel和attract的意思相反，repel在此表示“排斥”。典例3 (2016全国卷阅读C节选).There are also
8、 varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.30What does the underlined phrase “a pipe drea
9、m” in Paragraph 3 mean?AA practical idea.BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan.DA selfish desire.解析选B根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。根据本段可知有些优质苹果品种如Orleans Reinette需要特定的当地环境，然后根据最后一句可知种植条件的要求使得喜欢Orleans Reinette的大多数人不能种植它。B项中的vain表示“徒然的，徒劳的”。故选B。干扰项分析A项颠倒是非，说“一个切合实际的想法”，这与它对生存条件要求高相矛盾；C项曲解文意，该项说“一个很好的计
10、划”，根据画线词前的描述可知，这是一种希望或梦想；D项曲解文意，该项说“一个自私的愿望”，这里说的是愿望的可否实现，不涉及自私与否。增分技巧根据因果关系进行猜测英语中使用because, since, for, as, so, as a result, thus, therefore等词汇表达因果关系，因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来猜测词义。如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.分析：根据原因状语从
11、句的内容(他不征求别人的意见就作出决定)可以推断出，生词autocratic的意思是“独断专行的”。小结并列、因果、递进、例证、转折或对比等逻辑关系都具有推理的必然性，因此使用逻辑关系推理的词义准确率会比较高；逻辑关系的判断需要平常多关注句式的逻辑关系，形成对逻辑关系词的敏感感知能力，快速有效地判断语句和词汇的关系和意义。训练目标(一) 对点练攻克失分短板A(2018江苏高考阅读B节选).Lighting matters, too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd
12、 had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser they didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.58The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usualBnot wi
13、lling to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food qualityDnot fond of the food provided解析：选A根据选段中的“those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser they didnt feel fuller”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们并没有感觉更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少。由画线词前的but一词可知前后意义上存在转折关系。
14、所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。B(2015全国卷阅读C节选).The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg, Florida.31What does the
15、 word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to? AArtworks.BProjects.CDonations. DDocuments.解析：选A画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions (捐赠)是来自museum的，只能是“艺术品”，故选A项。C(2013陕西高考阅读D节选).My son could not follow the teachers directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?.58What does the underlined word “disrupt
