非谓语第一讲.doc

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1、非谓语第一讲:动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语的一种形式,它主要表示“将来,目的,结果等”。否定为“not to do”。1动词不定式作主语(1)不定式作主语表示具体动作。(动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2. 动词不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two thi

2、ngs at a time is to do neither一次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名

3、词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。3. 动词不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 attempt企图 enable能够 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 mean意 欲,打算 expect期望 determine决定 manage设法 pretend假装 ask问 agree同意 desire愿 望swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 offer提

4、供 fail不能 plan计划 bother扰乱;烦恼 prefer喜欢,宁愿 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 choose选择 hesitate 犹豫 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许 intend想要 refuse拒绝 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿 force强迫 inspire鼓舞 request请求 advise劝告recommend劝告,推荐 bear容忍 remind提醒 beg请求 invite吸引,邀

5、请,command命令 intend想要,企图 cause引起 require要求 warn告诫 urge激励,力说 encourage鼓励 permit允许 persuade说服call on/appeal to号召 rely on依赖 would like 想要 take trouble 不辞辛劳4动词不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所

6、修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。 She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。 3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。 I need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。 There is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。 4)被修饰的名词前有序数词the first, the second等 或the last,the next, the only等限定

7、词时候,只能用不定式。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来,最后一个离开。5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。 Would you like something to eat? 你想要吃点什么吗? 6)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do-tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curiou

8、s to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。 5. 动词不定式作状语1)不定式常常表示目的。 They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的,放在句末不加逗号) 2)动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。 His family was too poo

9、r to support him他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果) We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) (3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的: a:can not/never tooto,表示肯定意义 You can not be too careful to read the material.= You can not be careful enough to read the material. 你再怎么仔细看这材料也不为过。b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,往往表示出乎意料的结果,常见的不定式动词有:find

10、, hear, see, be told, give, make, produce 等。 I hurried to the airport, only to find /only to be told the plane had taken off.我急急忙忙赶到机场,却发现飞机已经起飞了。(出乎意料的结果,往往有逗号)6动词不定式常考的其它结构 (1)疑问词+不定式结构 疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:When to start has not been decided何时动

11、身尚未决定。(主语) I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语) I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语) (2)不带to的不定式 1)在表示五官感受的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有: feel 觉得 observe 注意到,观察 watch注视 listen to听 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听On seeing the young child f

12、ell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如: Let him do it.让他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了。 (注):上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to,如: He was seen to come The boy was made to go to bed early. 在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如: He was

13、surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。 3) 某些固定短语如:would rather, had better, why not, cant (help) but do, might as well do,rather than等。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but get your shoes wet. 当街上都是融化的雪的时候,你就无法避免你的鞋子湿掉。I would rather vi

14、sit the dentist than study algebra and arithmetic.我宁愿去看牙医也不要学代数与算数。4)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。例如: Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。 但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟

15、,其它什么都没有说。 There was nothing for them to do but remain silent除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。 7动词不定式的时态、语态Pretending to be cheated is a trick that he used to move the public.假装被骗是他用来感动大众的伎俩。When the mother came in, the little boy pretended to be reading a book.当妈妈进来的时候,小男孩假装正在读书。He is said to have recovered friendship with Tom.据说他跟Tom已经和好。Personally, I feel happy to have been invited to the party.就我而言,我很高兴被邀请来参加晚会。

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