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1、Unit 4 Cyberspace（A）(35分钟).阅读理解A(2017北京卷)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.
2、In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener,who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论),put it this way:“If we use,to achieve our purposes,a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预),we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose
3、 which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine,this quality is not in-born,nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact tha
4、t the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee,it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful,then,
5、we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined,super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own,with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers arg
6、ue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall,using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately,that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans,let alone super intelligent mach
7、ines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand,as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that huma
8、ns and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never ha
9、ppen.On September 11,1933,famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated,with confidence,“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However,on September 12,1933,physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.1.Paragra
10、ph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A.run out of human controlB.satisfy humans real desiresC.command armies of killer robotsD.work faster than a mathematician2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .A.prevent themsel
11、ves from being destroyedB achieve their original goals independentlyC.do anything successfully with given ordersD.beat humans in international chess matches3.According to some researchers,we can use firewalls to .A.help super intelligent machines work betterB.be secure against evil human beingsC.kee
12、p machines from being harmedD.avoid robots affecting the world4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A.It will disappear with the development of AI.B.It will get worse with human interference.C.It will be solved but with difficulty.D.It will stay for a decad
13、e.B(2017天津重点中学4月八校联考)The weather affects many aspects of peoples daily life.Knowing and understanding what the weather is doing is useful.However,the weather is also one of the most unpredictable elements in the world.Although many people watch the morning news and gather the information about the w
14、eather,this is often wrong.Whole days can be ruined by believing that the weather will be one thing,when it turns out to be another.However,owning wireless weather stations allows the owners to monitor the weather for themselves.Not only will these weather stations allow the owners to see what the w
15、eather is doing,but it is personalized to them and their area.Wireless weather stations are specifically prepared for the immediate neighborhood.Plans will be able to be made,and important decisions will no longer be ruined by bad weather.Although these weather stations are typically seen in homes,t
16、hey can also be used very easily on farms and fishing boats.Both farmers and fishermen rely on the weather for their business and using up-to-date weather information is quite indispensable.By using the wireless weather stations,it can determine for them when to harvest crops and head back to the shore.Due to the size of the weather stations,they can be moved very easily and used wherever is necessary for p
