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1、Unit 3,Life in the future,目 标 展 示,知 识 链 接,Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really wan
2、t.In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论)，put it this way: “If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpo
3、se which we really desire.”,A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not inborn，nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact
4、 that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful，t
5、hen，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.,The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researcher
6、s argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligen
7、t machines.,Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue th
8、at humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will n
9、ever happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.,1P
10、aragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may_. Arun out of human control Bsatisfy humans real desires Ccommand armies of killer robots Dwork faster than a mathematician 解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely g
11、ood at achieving something other than what we really want”可知，人工智能可能会变得非常擅长完成目标，而这些目标可能不是人们真正想要的，所以人工智能有可能摆脱人的控制。,A,2Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to_. Aprevent themselves from being destroyed Bachieve their original goals independ
12、ently Cdo anything successfully with given orders Dbeat humans in international chess matches 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence”可知，智能机器可能会为保护自己的存在而阻止自己被摧毁。,A,3According to some
13、 researchers，we can use firewalls to_. Ahelp super intelligent machines work better Bbe secure against evil human beings Ckeep machines from being harmed Davoid robots affecting the world 解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to a
14、nswer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world”可知，有些研究者认为可用防火墙防止机器人影响世界。,D,4What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines？_ AIt will disappear with the development of AI. BIt will get worse with human interference. CIt will be solved but with difficulty. DIt will stay for a decade. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy”可知，人工智能的安全问题有可能得到解决，但又困难重重。,C,
