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1、河南题型四 阅读理解,说明文体裁 阅读理解中说明文(尤其是科技类说明文)，因生词多、 信息量大、难理解，是考生经常做错的题目。 主旨大意题 考生由于不会把握文章的主旨大意，所以经常在关于 概括文章主旨大意、作者写作意图类的题目中触雷。,一、选择型阅读理解“三步定位法” 第一步 看题干，定位题干关键词。 先看问题，找出题干中的关键词，猜测文章大意。 第二步 读文章，一次定位找原文。 带着关键词快速通读全文，画出与题干内容相关的词汇 和句子，并在脑海中形成篇章结构图。,第三步 回看题，连线解读定答案。 细读题干、选项，针对已画出的原文内容进行二次定位， 精准连线，锁定答案。,二、具体解题技巧 1细
2、节理解题 多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目，考查 对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范 畴，难度较小，但所占比例最大，一般占总分值的60% 85%。常见的设题方式有：用what, where, which, why, who, how等疑问词进行提问；用according to. . . 开头，后 接短文具体内容；用动宾结构、介宾结构或系表结构等方 式设题；以. . because的提问方式设题等。,解答这类题要学会以下技巧： (1)如果所提问题是文章中现成的内容可直接搜寻； (2)细读文章的第一段或前几句，注意每段的开头句和结 尾句； (3)重视结尾段，作者一般会在结尾
3、段作出总结，表达自 己的观点。,例 （2012温州中考)I grew up in New Hampshire, a small town in South Canada, where in my fathers words for the seasons were “Spring, Summer, Fairtime and Winter！” At that time, a weeklong fair(集市) was held in the town every autumn. Thousands of people from other towns came to sell and buy t
4、hings. It was the busiest time of the year.,Thousands of people came to the town to at the fair. Aenjoy Grandmas food Bsell and buy things Clearn to cook Dhave a big party 【解析】 B 由本段第三句话可知，数千人来到小镇是 为了在集市上买卖东西，故选B。,2推理判断题 一般来说主要有：对细节的推理判断；对某个问题或某一 部分的观点、态度的推理判断；对作者在整篇文章中的态 度、观点和写作意图的推理判断。常见的设题方式有： (1
5、)The sentence/paragraph/passage infers that. . . ；(2)We can learn from the sentence/paragraph/passage that. . . ; (3)The sentence/paragraph/passage implies that. . . ；,(4)By saying. . . , the author means. . . ; (5)What can we infer from the. . . ; (6)At the end of the passage the writer suggests. .
6、 . ；(7)From the second example we can infer that. . . ；(8)It can be concluded/inferred from the passage that. . .,例One day, a little boy decided to dig a hole behind his house after watching a science program. As he was working, a couple of boys stopped by to watch. “What are you doing？” asked one o
7、f the visitors. “I want to dig a deep hole all the way through the earth！” the boy answered excitedly. The older boys began to laugh, telling him that it was impossible to do it. Then they left.,It can be inferred from the passage that the older boys think the little boy is Asilly Bstrict Cfriendly
8、Dstrongminded 【解析】 A 由本段倒数第二句可知，那些年龄大一些的 男孩嘲笑小男孩，说他不可能完成那件事，由此可推断， 他们觉得小男孩很愚蠢，故选A。,3词义猜测题 该题型要求在充分理解文章的基础上，对某单词或短语 进行合理猜测。做题时可结合构词法、语法及相关知识 进行猜测。 例 A serious sandstorm(沙尘暴) has hit Beijing, together with five to seven degree strong wind. A great yellow dust cloud enveloped the Chinese capital last S
9、unday.,What does “enveloped” mean in this passage? A信封 B遮盖 C刮走 D灰尘 【解析】 B 由前面可知，沙尘暴袭击了北京，再结合句 法可知envelop在此是一个动词，排除A、D两项；再结合 生活常识可判断，此处envelop是表示“遮盖”之意，故选B。,4主旨大意题 考查考生对短文整体的理解概括能力。常见的提问方式 有：(1)What is the main idea/subject/topic of the passage？； (2)The author is mainly concerned with. . . ；(3)What d
10、oes the passage mainly discuss？；(4)The passage is mainly about. . . ；(5)Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?,解答该类题目时可注意以下几点： (1)有标题的文章，要从标题开始阅读，因为标题常是 文章的主题； (2)注意段首和段尾，有些文章会在段首或段尾给出全 文主旨； (3)有些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，建议最后做此类题目，因为做完其他题目后，自然就会对文章主旨有一定的 把握；,(4)留心关键词，抓住文章主旨，关键词即文中反复出现 的
11、、与主题有关的名词或动词。 例 Schools will go electronic. Computers will be important and popular among the students. Everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. They will find information on the Internet. A computer will be the students library, schoolbag and connectio
12、n to the outside world. There will be robot teachers. They will check homework on computers and communicate with the students parents through email.,Whats the main idea of this passage? ASchools will go electronic. BComputers will be important. CThere will be robot teachers. DTeachers will communica
13、te with the students parents through email. 【解析】 A 第一句为中心句，后面是对其扩展和论述， 故选A。,5数字推算题 要求学生根据提供的数据以及内在关系做出简单的计算 和推断。 例 I won a prize for one of my paintings when I was fourteen. That may be why I went to art school four years later. . . When I left school, I got some money. I hope to become a fulltime p
14、ainter.,When finishing school studies, the writer was about . A14 B16 C18 D21 【解析】 D 作者14岁因绘画获奖，18岁进入美术学校， 毕业时一定在18岁以上，故选D。,二、还原型阅读理解 (一)首先阅读五个选项，然后再读文章。抓住关键词，边 读边做题，先易后难，重点阅读设空处附近的句子，圈定 线索词。从选项中寻找相关的词，以确定答案。做题时要 特别注意以下几类词：,1代词或定冠词。做题时，一定要注意句子中出现的 人称代词或者指示代词。代词是指代一个名词或者一个 句子的，通过代词在句子中所作的成分可推断出它指代 的句
15、子的类型。,2特殊疑问词。如果选项中或设空前出现特殊疑问词， 一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词 的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有 because等表原因的词；对when的回答，后面要有表时 间的状语；对where的回答，后面要有表地点的名词； 对how的回答，后面要有方式状语等。,3连词。通过不同的连词我们可以推知句子与句子之间 的关系。常在文章中出现表示转折的连词有but, however, yet, though, nevertheless等，表示并列关系的连词有and, also, as well as, neither nor, either or, not only. . . but also. . . , on one hand. . . on the other hand等。,(二)对于难以作出选择的空缺处，可以暂时搁置，先将 确定的题目答完，然后用代入排除法。至此，文章的要 点和主旨，各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。,(三)五个小题都做完后，要重新阅读全文，查漏补缺， 此时可将选出的答案代入原文。重点做刚才没做出的题 或不确定的题，同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章在 内容上是否语意连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯， 合乎逻辑。,
