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1、直接引语和间接引语,Direct and Reported(Indirect) speech,直接引语变为 间接引语 要注意的几个问题,一. 时态问题,一、 如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态。 例如：,直接引语,间接引语,1）He says, “I am very busy today.”,1）He says that he is very busy today.,2）He will say, “ I have watered the flowers.”,2）He will say that he has watered the flower
2、s.,二、如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句谓语动词的时态通常要作相应的变化。规则如下(时态呼应) 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时,1 .直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变,Eg:1) The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”,The geography teacher told us that the sun rises
3、in the east and sets in the west.,Special case,2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变,Eg:The children said, “We love this game.”,They told us that they love that game.,二.代词等的变化,1) He said “These books are mine.”,2) My father reminded me, “It is twelve oclock now.,3) Mary said, “I finished the book
4、last year/yesterday/three days ago.”,4) He said, “I put the book here.”,5) The teacher said, “I will come here tomorrow.”,代词等一般也应作相应的变化,变化方法如下表：,this / these,that / those,now / today,then / that day,this week (month),that week (month),yesterday,the day before,last year,the year before the previous y
5、ear etc,three days ago,three days before,next week (month),the next day,the next week (month),tomorrow,here,there,come,go,Lecture Change direct speech into indirect speech,陈述句(statements)变为以 that 引导的 宾语从句(陈述句序),例如：,直接引语,间接引语,1.She said, “Our train will arrive in five minutes.”,She said (that) their
6、train would arrive in five minutes.,一） To report statements, We use object clauses introduced by “that”,2.“PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.,The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.,Besides “tell, say”, the following words are also used to report statements:,advise a
7、gree explain insist promise warn remind suggest,一般疑问句变成 if (whether是否) 引导的宾语从句。Eg:,直接引语,间接引语,1）He said, “ Can you swim, John?”,1）He asked John if/whether he could swim.,2）The teacher asked the class “ Have you all understood me?”,2）The teacher asked the class if/whether they had all understood her.,
8、二) To report yes / no-questions, We use object clauses introduced by whether / if,特殊疑问句变为由who, what, when,why,who,how 等疑问词引导的宾语从句。Eg:,直接引语,间接引语,1）George said, “When will you get back from London, John?”,1）George asked John when he would get back from London.,How to change this direct speech into ind
9、irect speech?,I asked her, “How can that be true?” ,I asked her how that can be true.,三） To report wh-questions , we use object clauses introduced by wh-words.,2)“Where did you find the ads for jobs abroad?”Bill asked. ,Bill asked where I had found the ads for jobs abroad.,直接引语是祈使句,则间接引语变为动词不定式. 即:
10、ask/ tell sb. (not) to do sth. eg:,1）The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.”,The teacher told the boy to open the window.,四） To report imperative sentences(祈使句), we use the structure: reporting verb + obj. + (not) to-infinitive,“Dont worry, Mike,” Jen said. ,Jen asked Mike not to worry.,2) T
11、he salesman said to me, “Read what some of our satisfied customers say.” ,The salesman asked me to read what some of their satisfied customers said.,双宾语结构的直接与间接引语,双宾语结构中两个宾语在意义上与主体动词有特定关系，一个宾语多为人，一个为物。若人物换位，其语句形式也发生变化（加 to或for）,主体动词不同，其介词也不同。用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,1.vt+,宾
12、语（人）+宾语（物）,宾语（物）+to+宾语（人）,2.vt+,宾语（人）+宾语（物）,宾语（物）+for+宾语（人）,The teacher gave me some pictures.,The teacher gave some pictures to me.,3.vt+宾语（n）+that 从句,4. vt+宾语（n）+if/whether从句,5.vt+宾语（n）+wh-从句,The man told the girl that he wanted to test her the subject.,The girl asked us if/whether we could repair
13、 the bike.,Father made me a paper boat.,Father made a boat for me.,The child asked me why she had to stay here.,6.vt+宾语（n）+wh-+不定式结构,The girl asked me which to choose.,带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话,读起来妙趣横生,效果很好。 “七给”一“带”to不少,“买”“画”“制作”for来了。,说明: “七给”(give, pass, lend
14、, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.,巧记带双宾语的动词,“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。 如:Mother bought a new dress for me.,有些及物动词如tell，show等，其后跟双宾语时，既可以用“及物动词间宾直宾”，也可以用“及物动词直宾
15、to间宾”结构。但有些及物动词如explain，introduce等，其后跟双宾语时，只能用“及物动词直宾to间宾”结构而不能用“及物动词间宾直宾”结构。那么如何将这类动词与其它及物动词区别开呢？瞧！可以先记住这句话：“Dear Miss W（亲爱的W小姐。）”这9个字母分别是9个符合上述用法动词的开头字母。,DEAR MISS W巧记可跟双宾语的一组动词,你能看着Dear Miss W，逐个将这9个动词写出来吗？它们是 declare，explain，announce，report， murmur，introduce，say，suggest whisper。,练习,直接引语变间接引语练习题
16、1. He asked ,“ how much do you payfor the computer？” He asked _ for the computer. A. did you pay how much B. you paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film 3. “Please close the window,” he said to
