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1、Chapter 3 LexiconWhat is word?1. 3 senses of word1) a physically definable unitWord may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.2) word both as a general term and as a specific termWord may be used both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word
2、) and as a specific items (boy and boys are two words).3) a grammatical unitThe work rank is located between morpheme and word group.2. Identification of words1) StabilityWords are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure.2) relative uninterruptibilityNew eleme
3、nts should not be inserted into a word, even when there are several parts in a word.3) a minimum free formWord is the smallest unit that can be used by itself.3. Classification of wods1) Variable and invariable wordsVariable words may have inflective changes. The same word may have different grammat
4、ical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.Invariable words refer to those words that do not have inflective endings.2) grammatical words and lexical wordsThose which mainly work for constructing group are grammatical words, such as, conj., prep., art., and pron., are grammatical wo
5、rds also known as function words.Those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as n., v., adj. and adv., are lexical words, also known as content words.3) closed-class words and open-class wordsThe closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pron.
6、, prep., conj., art., and others.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as n., v., adj., and many adv.4) word class: particle, auxiliaries, pro-form, determiners The formation of wordMorpheme: A morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relatio
7、nship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.1. classification of morpheme1) free morpheme: Those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words
8、 by themselves, are free morpheme.bound morpheme: Those that cannot occur alone, must appear with at last another morpheme, and are called bound morphemes,2) root: Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. That is to say, it is that part of the w
9、ord that is left when all the affixes are removed.affix: Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.stem: Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can
10、be added.3) inflectional affix n. -s n. -sv. -ed v. -ing w. -ed/enadj./adv. -er adj./adv. -estderivational affixDifferences:1 Inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivational affixes. Therefore, they serve to produce different forms of a single lexeme. However, derivational affix
11、es are vey productive in making new words.2 Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, whereas derivational affixes might or might not.3 Whether one should add inflectional affixes or not depends very often on the other factors within the phrase or sentence.4 Infle
12、ctional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can both be prefixes and suffixes.2. word formation1) inflection: It indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes; and when inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the terms
13、(to which they are attached) will not change.2) compound: It refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. It can be further divided into two kinds, the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound.3. Sememe
14、Vs. Morpheme and Phoneme Vs. Morpheme1) sememe Vs. morpheme1 one morpheme Vs. one sememe2 one morpheme Vs. more than one sememe3 one sememe Vs. more than one morpheme4 morphemes that have no specific sememe5 function changes in both sememe and morpheme without morpheme change2) morpheme Vs. phoneme1
15、 a single phoneme Vs. a single morpheme2 a single morpheme Vs. multiple phoneme3 allomorph4 morphemic conditions Lexical change1. lexical change proper1) invention2) blendingBlending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of t
16、he first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words.3) abbreviation4) acronymAcronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.5) back-formationBack-formation refers to an usually abnormal type
