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1、第六节非谓语动词考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态(以do为例) 主动形式被动形式动词不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing动词ing形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词只有一种形式done考点二 非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语,有时用in order to或so as to。To be a winner,you need to give all you have and
2、 try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。(2)作结果状语,常用结构enough to,too.to .,only to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了,不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如glad,happy,frightened,surprised等。Im very glad to meet you here.在这儿遇见你我真高兴。名师点津在“主语系动词形容词to do”的结构中,常用主动形式表示被动含义。The question is very difficult to answer.
3、这个问题很难回答。2动词ing形式作状语(1)动词ing形式作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生,having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作。Not knowing his address,I cant call on him.由于不知道他的地址,我无法拜访他。Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.由于没有收到回信,他打算再写一封。(2)动词ing形式可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。The children came in,singing and jumping.孩子们又唱又跳地进来了。3过
4、去分词作状语(1)过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生。Inspired by his speech,we took action at once.在他演讲的鼓舞下,我们马上行动了起来。(2)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。After a days work,he returned home,exhausted.工作了一天后,他回到家,疲惫不堪。4不定式与动词ing形式作结果状语的比较不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果;而动词ing形式作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。He hurried to the station,only to
5、find the train had left.他匆忙到达车站,结果却发现火车已经出站了。It rained heavily in the south,causing serious flooding in several provinces.南方下了大雨,造成了几个省严重的洪涝灾害。5动词ing形式与过去分词作状语的比较作状语时,是用动词ing形式还是过去分词,取决于该动词与主语之间的关系,若为主动关系,则用动词ing形式;若为动宾关系,则用过去分词。Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even more beautiful.从山
6、顶上看,我们发现这个公园更加美丽。Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。考点三 非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系,如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,一般要跟相应的介词。但是,如果不定式修饰的名词是time,place,way等,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He has a lot of problems to deal with.他有许多问题要处理。(2)若名词前有序数词、最高级或no,all,only等修饰,后面一般用不定式
7、作定语。名师点津用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语,常见的有ability,chance,attempt,warning等。I dont trust his promise to come for a call.我不相信他来访的诺言。2动词ing形式作定语动词ing形式作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,通常表示动作的主动和进行,或表示所修饰的名词的用途。The girl singing on the stage is his sister.在台上唱歌的那个女孩是他的妹妹。a walking stick手杖3过去分词作定语及物动词的过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系
8、,通常表示动作的被动和完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,与所修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示动作的完成,不表示被动。Have you ever read the novel written by Mo Yan?你看过莫言的那本小说吗?the risen sun升起来的太阳名师点津to be done,being done与done作定语时的比较:This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.这是明天要讨论的问题。(表被动、将来)This is the problem being discussed now.这是现在正在讨论的问题。(表被动、进
9、行)This is the problem discussed yesterday.这是昨天讨论过的问题。(表被动、完成)考点四 非谓语动词作宾语1有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语,常见的有agree,afford,arrange,decide,determine,expect,hope,manage,refuse,offer,pretend,wish,promise,want(想要),choose等。Im too tired.I want to stop to have a rest.我太累了,我想停下来休息一下。2下列动词或词组只能用动词ing作宾语。consider,suggest/advis
10、e,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy;avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help (禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape。请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。名师点津此外,be used/accustomed to (习惯于),lead to,devote to,go back t
11、o,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand,give up,feel like,insist on,thank you for,apologize for,be busy (in),have difficulty/trouble (in),have a good/wonderful/hard time (in),spend time (in)等短语后也要用动词ing形式作宾语。He got wellprepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing th
12、e good opportunity.他为这次工作面试做了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。3有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词ing形式作宾语,意义区别不大,但表示经常性的动作常用动词ing形式,表示具体的动作常用不定式,常见的有begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,hate等。I like playing/to play football.我喜欢踢足球。4有些动词或短语既可以跟动词ing形式作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意。如:forget to do sth.忘记要做某事forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事
13、remember to do sth.记住要做某事remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做过某事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事What a poor memory!I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to
14、him.多么差的记忆力!昨天我忘了向他借过钱,但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。名师点津动词need,want(需要),require后跟动词ing形式作宾语时,主动形式表示被动含义,另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。The little trees need watering/to be watered.这些小树需要浇水。5介词后一般跟动词ing形式作宾语,但but/except后接不定式作宾语,若前面有实意动词do则不带to,反之则带to。He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.他无事可做,只好躺下睡觉。6动词如find,feel,e
15、xpect,think,consider,make等词后接不定式作宾语,宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补,此时要用it作形式宾语。He found it hard to solve the problem.他发现很难解答这个难题。7某些动词跟动词ing形式作宾语,但需跟不定式作宾补,常见的有allow,permit,forbid,advise,consider等。They dont allow smoking in the office.他们不允许在办公室吸烟。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他们不允许他在办公室吸烟。考点五 非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1不定式作宾补(1)常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise,allow,ask,tell,teach,encourage,cause等,常构成结构tell sb.to do sth.(以tell为例)。The teacher encouraged us to