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1、GlassIt is well known that glasses play an important role as one of building materials ordinary living products. Advanced and specialty glasses also play important roles in several industries. In the last several years, these materialshave continued to find new applications in the areas of telecommu
2、nications, electronics, and biomedical uses. Glass compositions and processing techniques continue to evolve to suit the increasing number of applications. Some of the glass compositions have distinctive properties that make them the most preferred materials for certain applications, such as optical
3、 fibers, electronic displays, biocompatible implants, dental posterior materials, and high-performance composites.众所周知，玻璃作为建筑材料普通生活产品之一起着重要的作用。先进和特种玻璃也在许多行业也起着重要作用。在过去几年中，这些材料继续在电讯，电子，生物医学领域发现新的应用。为适应日益剧增的应用，玻璃的组分和加工技术不断发展。一些玻璃成分具有独特的性质，使得它们成为某些应用中最优选的材料，例如光纤，电子显示器，生物相容性植入物，后牙材料和高性能复合材料。A number of
4、ceramic processes have been successfully applied in glass processing to make advanced glasses. These include sintering of premelted and pulverized glass, sintering of premelted chemically treated glasses, sol-gel technology, and vapor phase deposition. Glass ceramics with complicated shapes can be p
5、roduced by the sintering of glass powders, similar to a ceramic sintering process, and then applying additional heat treatment to form ceramic crystals. Novel processes continue to be developed.已经有许多陶瓷工艺成功应用于玻璃加工中来制作先进玻璃，包括预熔玻璃粉末烧结，化学处理预熔玻璃烧结，溶胶-凝胶技术以及气相沉积。具有复杂形状的玻璃陶瓷可以通过类似于陶瓷烧结工艺对玻璃粉末进行烧结来制造，然后再进行额
6、外的热处理以形成陶瓷晶体。新工艺在继续发展。The emergence of these advanced glasses has significantly changed several major industries, including thetelecommunications industry where fiber optic cables revolutionized the technology of transmitting information.Other areas where advanced and specialty glasses and glass cer
7、amics find increasing usage are electronicsapplications, such as electronic displays, substrates for packaging and data storage, and photoblanks for lithography.这些先进玻璃的出现极大地改变了几个主要行业，其中包括电信业，光纤光缆彻底改变了这一行业的传输信息技术。先进特种的玻璃和玻璃陶瓷有着越来越多使用的另一领域是电子应用，例如电子显示器，用于包装和数据存储的基板，以及用于光刻的照相机。High-performance glass an
8、d glass ceramics are also being used as reinforcements or matrices for advancedcomposites for structural and aerospace materials. Because some advanced glasses and glass ceramics arebiocompatible, they can be used as implants and dental posterior materials. Glass beads are also being used inradiatio
9、n therapy to treat certain kinds of cancer. Another important application is glass substrates for DNA analysis.高性能玻璃和玻璃陶瓷也被用作结构和航空用先进复合材料的增强材料或基体。因为一些先进的玻璃和玻璃陶瓷具有生物相容性，它们可以用作植入物和后牙材料。玻璃微珠也被用于放射治疗来治疗某些种类的癌症。另一个重要的应用是玻璃基材可用于DNA分析。FabricsBesides continuous and discontinuous reinforcements, textile rein
10、forcements provide alternatives that mayincrease performance while reducing manufacturing cost. A large variety of textile fabric forms can be used asreinforcements for composite materials. This simplest, the least elaborated and least expensive ones are the nonwovenfabrics. A nonwoven fabric is usu
11、ally called a mat, which is made by randomly oriented chopped fibers such aschopped strand mat, randomly oriented short fibers, or swirled tows or rovings. Fabric reinforcements offer mechanical properties somewhat lower than unidirectional continuous fibers.除了连续和不连续的增强外，纺织增强提供了替代品，在可以提高性能的同时降低制造成本。
12、各种形式的纺织织物可用作复合材料的增强材料。最简单、最精密、最便宜的形式是非织造布。非织造织物通常称为毡，它是由随机取向的短切纤维如玻璃纤维短切毡、随机取向的短纤维丝束，或盘旋的纤维或粗纱制成。织物增强材料的力学性能略低于单向连续纤维。If reinforcement is desired in only one direction, but maintaining the ease of handling and drape properties ofwoven fabrics, the solution is called uniaxial woven fabric. In this ca
13、se, normal yarns are used along the warpdirection but only thin yarns that can be made from another low cost, low quality material are used along the fulldirection, their role being to keep the wrap yarns together. By contrast, if a multiaxial reinforcement effect is desired,the solution is a triaxi
14、al woven fabric, which is obtained by interlacing three sets of yarns at different angles.如果仅在一个方向上需要增强，但却保持了处理的容易性和织物的悬垂性，这种编织物称为单轴织物。它是通过在经度方向上用普通纱线，然后使用另一种低成本、低质量的细纱线在纬度方向上将经度方向上的纱线包裹在一起。相反，如果需要多维增强效果，则这种编织物是三轴织物，它是通过在不同的角度交织三组纱线而获得。Yet more types of textiles used for reinforcements exist. All th
15、e long narrow, 2D textile (mat, fabric, knit, braid) are described by their fiber architecture and their weight per unit of surface area in g/m2. The fiber architecture refersto the orientation and weight of each component of the fabrics.现在还有更多类型的纺织品用于增强体。所有长的狭窄的2D纺织品（毡，织物，针织物，编织物）都以其纤维结构及其单位面积的重量g
16、/ m2来描述。纤维结构是指织物各组分的取向和重量。By special manufacturing methods, it is possible to obtain a new category of 3D textile architecture called 3Dtextiles. These are infiltrated with a resin to obtain composite materials with reinforcing fibers in all threedirections.The resulting composite material can be processed as a solid 3D bulk material that is then machined toshape or processed directly into the final shape of the desired produce. 3
