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1、U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research Creating Defensible Space Creating Defensible Space by Oscar Newman Institute for Community Design Analysis Contractor: Center for Urban Policy Research Rutgers University Contract No. DU100C000005967 U.S. Dep
2、artment of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research April 1996 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. FOREWORD The appearance of Oscar Newmans Defensi
3、ble Space in 1972 signaled the establishment of a new criminological subdiscipline that has come to be called by many “Crime Prevention Through Envi ronmental Design” or CPTED. Over the years, Mr. Newmans ideas have proven to have such signifi cant merit in helping the Nations citizens reclaim their
4、 urban neighborhoods that we at HUDs Office of Policy Development and Research asked him to prepare a casebook to assist public and pri vate organizations with the implementation of Defensible Space theory. Information about this pro cess is presented for three distinct venues: in an older, small, p
5、rivate urban community; in an existing public housing community; and in the context of dispersing public housing throughout a small city. This monograph is very special because it draws directly from Mr. Newmans experience as a con sulting architect. Indeed, we asked the author to share with us both
6、 his perspective on creating viable change and his personal observations on key lessons learned. By publishing Creating Defensible Space, PD and Patrick Donnelly, Karen DeMasi, and Bernice Ganble, all residents of the community and professionals in their own right, who served to coordinate community
7、 participation during the xiii Creating Defensible Space planning of the project and provided insights that helped me define the plan and write the case study. In Yonkers, Pete Smith, the director of the Yonkers Municipal Housing Authority, was my second conscience through my entire 8 years of worki
8、ng there. His role was difficult; as a long-time Yonkers resident, he knew everyone and identified with their concerns and resistance, but as executive director of the housing authority, he also identified with public housing residents and their plight in segregated highrise projects. He knew that w
9、hat we were planning would help all public housing resi dents and would not be the destabilizing force everyone in the commu nity feared. Chief of police Robert Olson (now in Minneapolis) was helpful in calming the communitys nerves during the process, provided a police presence when it was needed,
10、and had his men bring the com munity and public housing teenagers together when tempers flared. Clason Point in the Bronx, New York, was our first effort in modifying public housing projects using the Defensible Space theory. Even though housing authority management was skeptical, two men took to th
11、e idea, opened doors, and provided insights and assistance that gave access to data and to sites for experimentation. They were Sam Granville, director of management, and Bernie Moses, director of maintenance, both now retired. Within our offices, Joanna King, who has served as our institutes admini
12、strator and my trusted editor for 20 years, continued her critical work in helping me produce this book. Allen Christianson, architect, pre- pared the final illustrations from my sketches, as he has in my previous books. Oscar Newman Hensonville, New York April 1996 xiv Defensible Space Principles C
13、 H A P T E R ONE The concept All Defensible Space programs have a common purpose: They restruc ture the physical layout of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their homes. This includes the streets and grounds outside their buildings and the lobbies and corridors within them.
14、The programs help people preserve those areas in which they can realize their com monly held values and lifestyles. Defensible Space relies on self-help rather than on government interven tion, and so it is not vulnerable to governments withdrawal of support. It depends on resident involvement to re
15、duce crime and remove the pres ence of criminals. It has the ability to bring people of different incomes and race together in a mutually beneficial union. For low-income people, Defensible Space can provide an introduction to the benefits of main- stream life and an opportunity to see how their own
16、 actions can better the world around them and lead to upward mobility. Over the past 25 years, our institute has been using Defensible Space technology to enable residents to take control of their neighborhoods, to reduce crime, and to stimulate private reinvestment. We have been able to do this while maintaining racial and economic integration. The pro cess has also produced inexpensive ways to create housing for the poor, often without government assistance. In this chap
