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1、1,英语知识体系简介,充足的词汇+ 语法+ 运用（听、说、读、写）,词汇,音,义,词性,学好英语需要：,语法,词法,句法,：研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。,：研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其 组成规律。,2,英语词类的变化形式有：,1 名词、代词的数、格、性的变化。 2 形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的变化。 3 动词的人称、时态、语态和语气的变化。,十大词类：noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, verb, article, preposition, conjunction, interjection,notional word 实词,for
2、m word 虚词,3,九种句子成分,宾语补足语（object complement）,主语（subject）,谓语（predicate）,表语（predicative）,宾语（object）,定语（attribute）,状语(adverbial),同位语,主语补足语,4,九种句子成分,主语（subject）：,谓语（predicate）：,表语（predicative）：,宾语（object）：,是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。 (n., pron.,to do, doing and that-clause),说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。 (verbs),放在连系动词之后，表示主
3、语的身分、 状态或特征。(n., pron., adj., adverbs for places, prepositional phrases, to do doing, done and that-clause.),在及物动词或介词之后。(n, pron, to do, doing and that-clause.),5,宾语补足语（object complement）：,定语（attribute）：,状语(adverbial) ：,限定或修饰名词或代词。 adj., adverbs for places, pron, n., prepositional phrases, to do, do
4、ing, done and that-clauses.,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 adv., prepositional phrases, to do, doing done and that-clauses.,说明宾语的性质、状态、 特征或宾语发出的动作。,（adj., n, adverbs for places, to do, doing and done）,同位语：补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。 （n. or that-clauses）,e.g. My father, a doctor, is very kind.,6,Practice: Analyze the followi
5、ng sentences.,The farmers dont stay long in the same places. We are having a wonderful time. Its dangerous to swim in the river. I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor. Im going to move to another city next month. Thank you for writing to me. It was lovely to hear f
6、rom you. Have you anything to say about this question? Its getting dark.,7,短语、句子、从句,短语：,具有一定意义的一组词， 可作为句子的一个成分。,英语中有下列几种短语：,1. 不定式短语,2. ing 短语,3. 过去分 词短语,4. 介词短语,5. 名词短语,e.g. He likes to watch TV while having lunch.,e.g. I saw many people standing by the lake.,e.g. Given more time ,I would do it bet
7、ter.,e.g. With his help, I have finished writing the poem.,e.g. dark blue sky / a true story/ the most wonderful moment,8,从句 (clause),含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分， 一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。,e.g. If you want to say something, say it clearly.,从句,名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句， 表语从句，同位语从句,形容词性从句：定语从句,副词性从句：状语从句,9,句子： sentence,含有主谓
8、结构的一组词， 有比较完整的意义。,从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：,简单句： 并列句： 复合句：,只有一个主谓结构的句子。,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一 起构成。,含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。,句子的类型,e.g. This kind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.,e.g. I asked Dick for some help, but he couldnt do it , either.,e.g. They were deeply moved by what they saw and he
9、ard there.,10,Pick out the sentences :,The first thing we should do is to solve the problem at once. His returning to our country. Names of villages and small towns. Take care of yourself when you are away from home. To discover the secret of the nature. In this restaurant the food is good , but the
10、 service is poor. The thought of her own plan Bought a ticket from the conductor. Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives?,11,Point out the type of each sentence:,Let him have a rest. The boy is clever yet he is not diligent. Either you are righ
11、t or I am . My classmates and I study and play together. He once lived and worked there. No one can reply whether it will rain tomorrow. It seemed that they had lost something. The lessons he taught were important. Dont miss the chance, or you will regret it. I began to go to school at the age of si
12、x.,12,从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：,陈术句： 疑问句： 祈使句： 感叹句：,陈述一项事实。,提出问题。,表示请求、建议和命令。,表示强烈的情感。,e.g. What a lovely day!,句子的种类,How stupid you are!,13,Point out the kind of each sentence:,Be quiet. Lets begin our meeting. I enjoy the quietness of the country. What a wonderful birthday I am having! Do these chocolates b
13、elong to us? How disappointed Jenny was! Something must be done to stop pollution. Miss Lin went to Hong Kong for a holiday. Take an umbrella along; its likely to rain. Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.,14,词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充 当不同的成分
14、，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。,英语中的六种基本句型,基本句型一： 主系表,基本句型二： 主谓,基本句型三： 主谓宾,基本句型四： 主谓间宾直宾,基本句型六：There be + 主语 + 状语,基本句型五： 主+谓+宾+宾补,15,1. 主系表,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能 表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状 态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动 词叫做连系动词。,系动词分类： 1. be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel,keep, seem等表示情况； get, grow, become, turn
15、，fall等表示变化； stand, lie等表示位置。 注：be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。 其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,16,e.g. 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. Its getting colder and colder. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 7. O
16、ur well has gone dry. 8. His face turned red.,17,2. 主谓 （vi.）,e.g. 1.The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. Who cares? 4. What he said does not matter. 5. They talked for half an hour. 6. The pen writes smoothly,特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词 叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、 状语从句等。,18,主谓宾 （vt.）,特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作， 但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语， 即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词 叫做及物动词。,e.g. 1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3
