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1、变化中的英语复习重点总结1. 全世界语言 4000-5000种 (P7)2. Dead language no living speakers (P7)3. Historical variation variation over time Regional variation variation in different places (P15)4. RP Standard English Network English:Standard English Written EnglishRP Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated Brit
2、ish English)Network English Educated American English (P19)5. Vocabulary change in English (P23-24)6. 词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragon boat)(P28-29)7. 英国语言 English, Welsh(Wales地区) Gaelic （Scotland地区）( P36)8. Dialects Different ways of speaking the same lan
3、guageAccent We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)9. Language family:English Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410. 英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st AD 5th Latin- speaking Romans 来自Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles盎格鲁人,
4、Saxons撒克逊部族, Jutes朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自North West Europe3)AD 11th French-speaking Normans 来自Normandy(P69-70)11. Standard English: A: Come from South EastB: Reason . Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )12. 英语发展过程中历史事件及英语语言本身的发展变化：TimeHistorical EventsLanguage11th centuryNorman con
5、quest of EnglandNorman French brought to England12th-13th centuriesNoranm French rulers in EnglandMorman French as the language of power: Latin for learning and religion; English for common peoples use14th centuryChanges in English educationGeoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400English gaining ground among educ
6、ated people wrote English1475Caxton set up printing press in LondonLondon English incresingly read and understood13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86)14. Receptive(听读) You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）You can say a word or you can write
7、it.NOTE: 每个人的Receptive knowledge of vocabulary要大于Productive knowledge (P89-90)15. Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学) correct students mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学) Practice students English by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it
8、is now. P100 P10316. 语言种类：P109-118RegionalNationalInternationalGlobalBasqueNorwegianSpanishEnglishDanish丹麦语PortugueseEnglishSwedish瑞典语FrenchDutchDutchJapaneseGerman17. Basque(巴斯克语)，Hindi（印地语）P115-116 18. 美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:) 1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releighs two expeditions to
9、 the New World1620English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 American war of Independence started1785 End of the War.USA set up1790 First census人口普查held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔 P120-121 19. The USA The melting-pot In New York harbour You can see the Statue of Liberty P122-12320
10、. 英国在世界的殖民地：EroupeAsiaAfricaNorth and South AmericaAustralasia澳大拉西亚United Kingdom& IrelandIndiaKenyaCanadaAustraliaMalaysiaRhodesia罗得西亚USANew ZealandBorneo波罗洲South AfricaNew Guinea新几内亚Hong Kong21. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company Started in 17th century, by 1813, it came to an end. 19th century The E
11、nglish man named Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction， set up universities of English language P138-13922. 澳大利亚Australia 形成， Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation 18th century: penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23. Inner Circle, Out
12、er Circle and Expanding Circle Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifying the international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongue Britain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South AfricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international a
13、nd official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言 What an ideal language for global use 理由 P158-159Artificial language The failed reason (p160-161)Simplify a natural language Noah Webster made English spel
14、ling easier for the childrenBasic English designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation speakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit(梵语) Fre
15、nch, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she came lived. My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-18328. False beginners The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system
