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1、Lecture Seven,Amplification & Omission 翻译中的增词与减词,1. Amplification,英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按意义（或逻辑上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其义的词。,根据意义上或修辞上的需要,（一）增加动词 By supplying necessary verbs before or after nouns. 1) They talked for almost eight hour
2、s through dinner and well into the night. 他们差不多谈了八个小时，中间吃了一顿晚餐，接着一直谈到深夜。 2) He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries. 他赞同为改善同所有爱好和平的国家的关系而进行努力。 3) “Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality, he said. 他说,“谁也不能指望他会采取克制和讲道理的态度。” 4) In spite of yesterdays rain
3、storm, the crops lay lush and green in the early light. 虽然昨天遭受了暴风雨的袭击，庄稼在晨曦中显得郁郁葱葱，茂盛异常。,（二）增加形容词,By supplying adjectives before nouns. 1) “This is grasping at straws, I know, “ said the helpless man. “我知道这是在抓救命稻草。”他无可奈何地说。 2) With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadnt the time to
4、worry about such trifles. 不出两小时会议就要开始了，我没有闲工夫为这些琐事操心了。 3) “Itll make a man of him,” said Jack, “College is the place.” “一定会把他造就成一个堂堂的男子汉，”杰克说，“就是应该上大学嘛。 4) He regarded the National Day edition of that paper as a collectors item. 他把那份国庆版的报子视为一个收藏家的珍品。,（三）增加副词,By supplying adverbs before some verbs. 1
5、) Now and then his boots shone. 他的皮靴不时地闪闪发亮。 2) A seagull saw the light from the window and darted up to it. 一只海鸥见到来自窗户光线便飞扑过去。 3) He turned a chair around and straddled it, resting his chin on the back. 他把椅子转了个向，叉开双腿一屁股坐在上面，下巴搁在椅子背上。 4) In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one:
6、 boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver, they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那些日子的电影里，总是老一套。男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而肩并肩地开着拖拉机走了。,（四）增加名词,A. after the intransitive verbs 1) He began to see things and to understand. 他开了眼界，并懂得了一些名堂。 2) He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 他吃了点东西，喝了点
7、酒，因为他已疲惫不堪了。 3) The invading troops looted and raped whenever they went. 侵略军所到之处，掠夺财物，强奸妇女。 4) First you borrow, then you beg. 一遭借钱，二遭讨饭。 5) Wash before you eat. 吃饭前洗手。,B. before the adjectives 1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这台打字机确实价廉物美。 2) He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, with
8、 a melancholy streak. 他是个性格复杂的人喜怒无常、反复多变、具有忧郁寡欢的特点。,C. after the abstract nouns 1) Nassar, with statesmanship and infinite patience, persuaded his quarrelling brother to sign an agreement. 纳赛尔以政治家的手腕和极大的耐心，说服了争执不休的兄弟们签定了一项协议。 2) For many years there has been serious unemployment in the capitalist co
9、untries. 资本主义国家多年来存在着严重的失业现象。 3) He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。 4) The grief of the people took charge. 人民的悲痛情绪失去了控制。,D. after the concrete nouns 1) The development of Chinese industry remains one of the priorities of the government. 发展中国工业仍然是政府的首要课题之一。 2) Kissinger felt
10、 that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer. 基辛格觉得罗杰斯在挑刺儿，但律师出身的尼克松却支持他同行的挑刺儿。,（五）增加表示名词复数的词,1、增加重叠词表示复数 1) Very acute problems exist among them. 他们中间存在着种种非常尖锐的问题。 2) The US. had a brief period of regional feudalism during the period of slavery in the
11、 southern states. 美国南部诸州，在奴隶制时期经历过短暂的地区封建制度。 3) They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings. 他们开着一辆黑色的豪华轿车，通过一丛丛白桦树和一眼望不到尽头的一排排千篇一律的新宅。 4) The lion is the King of animals. 狮是百兽之王。 5) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and
12、murmur of angry men. 连大地都颤抖了，万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。,（六）增加表示时态的词,1) I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我在当时就知道得同现在一样清楚。 2) Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking. 时至今日母亲还坚持认为我当时只是开玩笑罢了。 3) They had always been able to control things. Now control was getting away from all of them. 他们从前
13、总能控制一切，但现在他们大家在丧失控制了。 4) Stephen looked older than his age, for he had had a hard life. 斯蒂芬看上去比他实际年龄要大，因为他曾有过一段艰难的生活。,（七）增加语气助词,1) All that made this Christmas Day was my knowing it was. 今天算是圣诞节，只是因为我知道是圣诞节罢了。 2) The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and what not, tinkling in his pocke
14、t. 那小男孩口袋里带着小刀啦、剪子啦、等等。丁零当啷响个不停。 3) Their host carved, poured, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他们的主人割肉啦、倒酒啦、切面包啦、谈呀、笑呀、敬酒祝福啦，忙个不也乐乎。,（八）增加名词单位词,1 ) This too was a complete lie. 这也纯粹是一派胡言。 2) He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push. 他也捏了一把他的妹妹，并且把她轻轻推了一下。 3) A red sun rose
15、slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面上冉冉升起。,（九）增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词,1) In April, there was the “Ping“ heard around the world. In July, the Ping “ponged.“ 四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去。七月里，美国“乓“的把球打了回来。 2) The weather was warm and sultry and everyone seemed to be on edge. 天气闷热，所有的人都好象热锅上的蚂蚁，坐立不安。 3) His Hitle
16、rs discourse, says Speider, “became lost in fantastic digressions.“ 斯派达尔后来说，希特勒的“谈话越说越远，越说越离谱，最后不知说到哪里去了。 4) The two crashesboy and chairbrought George racing up from the basement. 孩子和椅子先后倒地的声响使乔治飞快地从地下室跑上来。,（十）增加概括词,1) We have achieved rapid progress in industry, agriculture, commerce, education and culture. 我们在工业、农业、商业、教育和文化诸方面已经取得了迅速的发展。 2）The social systems of China and the US. are fundamentally different. 中美两国的社会制度有着根本的差别。 3) The students of Classes 1 and 3 have gone to the fact
