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1、前言：1. 答案仅供参考（我和卓立整的+师兄师姐的答案），部分题目和上届有差；2. 记得背point，一句一句背很辛苦；3. 水表已卸，节操已碎；4. 此份整理不同于其他答案之处是有encoding的过程，其中有我自己的解读；5传说学霸能把老师说的毛线织成毛衣，我能织成的充其量是条围巾，不足之处，欢迎拍砖，欢迎探讨。#越分享 越进步#；6. 答题务必有理论支撑，自圆其说什么的都是骗小孩的。1. The Republic (excerpt): The allegory of cave. What do the images in the cave stand for? What is Plato
2、s understanding of the nature of education? The cave is the region accessible to sight or perception.(看到的感觉到的世界，没有理性思考的过程) The world outside and above the cave is the intelligible region, accessible not to perception but to reasoning. (外部世界：可以通过理性思考被理解的世界) The upward journey out of the cave into day
3、light is the souls ascent to the intelligible realm. (出洞：灵魂上升到一个可以理解、思考的境界) Shadows on the wall stand for the notions of things that people have in their minds, notions that are more or less closely related to the things of which they are notions. (墙上的投影：人们脑子里已有的观念，可能与事实相符也有可能不符)有些事情是你脑补出来的，可能有一定的事实
4、依据但是不完全准确，比如某些人艰不拆的事实。当然有的脑补也可能是与事实相符的。 The puppets and objects from which the shadows are cast: stand for what we call real things-real rhinos, real countries with their actual living conditions, and anything else that one encounters in the world. (洞里真实存在的小狗和物体：具体的事物，真实的事物) The sun stands for the i
5、dea of goodness or the Good. (太阳：象征着绝对真理，就像女神一样)。现在请闭眼，脑补一下女神/男神，然后再想一下以上的内容。特别提醒：1.千万不要脑补到马克思主义哲学上去，因为是两个完全不同的体系。这里的感知指仅仅是看到听到feel到，而没有经过理性思考的东西；2.以上我使用的大部分是这样的话语：“与事实相符”，“真实”.而不用“正确”，因为在柏拉图看来，只有太阳才是真理所在。In conclusion: The Allegory of the Cave describes four stages through which a person has to pas
6、s to get a sound education. These stages are distinguished by what a learner is able to see. An ignorant person can see only shadowswithout even suspecting that they are not real things. 洞穴理论揭示了人接受良好教育的四个阶段。区分四个阶段的关键在于人看到了什么东西。无知的人只能看到洞穴里的影子，甚至都不造这不是真的。 A fully educated person can see the shadows, t
7、he puppets that cast the shadows, the original things after which the puppets are modeled, and the sun that makes the original things visible. 但是一个受过良好教育的人可以看到影子(第一阶段)，投射影子的狗狗的样子(第二阶段)，看到真实的事物(第三阶段)，接受真理(第四阶段)。As a result: （升华下，也是第二个问题的答案） Education is not a putting of knowledge into the mind like “
8、putting sight into blind eyes,” but the art of turning the student in the right direction.教育并不是把知识放进脑袋，而是引导学生走向正确的方向。 Should be. the art of orientation. Educators should devise the simplest and most effective methods of turning souls around. It shouldnt be the art of implanting sight in the organ, b
9、ut should proceed on the understanding that the organ already has the capacity, but is improperly aligned and isnt facing the right way.（使灵魂转向） 保险起见，加点书上的内容：（要和美德沾点边，联系到柏拉图的教育目的，就是achieving the good） The correct way to bring up and educate a child is to use his playtime to imbue his soul with the gr
10、eatest possible liking for the occupation in which he will have to be absolutely perfect when he grows up. What we have in mind is education from childhood in virtue, a training which produces citizen who knows how to rule and be ruled as justice demands.华丽丽的分割线愉快地进入第二Part：The Education of Nature: R
11、ousseauEducation of nature, education of men, education of things; Habit vs. nature; Making a man vs. making a citizen; Public and common education vs. individual and domestic education1. Education of nature/ men/ things: 自然的教育，人的教育，事物的教育（Page 44） The internal development of our faculties and our or
12、gan is the education of nature.(In no way in our control) The use that we are taught to make of this development is the education of men.(The only one of which we are truly the master) What we require from our own experience about the object which affects us is the education of things. (In control o
13、nly in certain respects)（这部分应该最熟了，平常吹水都用这个，低调奢华有内涵，估计会考个名词解释。柯女神是善良滴）2. Habit & Nature (Page 44) Nature, we are told, is only habit. So long as one remains in the same condition, the inclinations which result from habit and are the least natural to us can be kept: but as soon as the situation change
14、s, habit ceases are the natural returns. Education is certainly only habit.（Nature is habit Education is about nature Education is habit）3. Making a man & Making a citizen原理部分：We are born in with the use of our senses, and from our birth we are affected in various ways by the objects surrounding us.
15、 (会被环境影响)l Making a Citizen：(point可能不全，请慎重使用) Every particular city, when it is narrow and unified, is estranged from the all-encompassing society. The essential thing is to be good to the people with whom one lives. Civil man is only a fractional unity dependent on the denomination. His value is de
16、termined by his relation to the whole, which is the social body. He who in a civil order wants to preserve the primacy of the sentiments of nature does not know what he wants. l Making a man: Natural man is entirely for himself. He is numerical unity, the absolute whole which is relatively only to itself or its
