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1、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese,血小板,也称为凝血细胞,实际上是细胞碎片,而不是完整细胞。血小板在骨髓中形成,由巨大多核的巨噬细胞演变而来。血小板的主要功能是在血管损伤部位促进血凝块形成,防止血液丢失。血小板和受损组织释放的物质与血浆凝血因子相互作用,形成使伤口闭合的血凝块。当损伤出现时,血液凝血因子被激活。13种不同凝血因子相互作用才会有血凝现象出现,这就防止了不必要血凝出现。最后一种反应是纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白,将血细胞和血浆拉在一起,形成血凝块。 基因通过控制酶的合成来行使其功能。酶由蛋白质组成,通常在化学反应中起催化剂作
2、用。细胞活动是通过数百种化学反应来控制的。组织、器官和系统中的所有细胞共同协调活动,最终使动物具有一定的外貌或特定的行为方式。这种外貌或行为方式称为动物的表型。,血小板,也称为凝血细胞,实际上是细胞碎片,而不是完整细胞。,The blood platelets, also called thrombocytes, are actually cell fragments rather than complete cells.,血小板在骨髓中形成,由巨大多核的巨噬细胞演变而来。,The main function of platelets is to initiate blood clotting
3、 at sites of vascular injury, preventing blood loss.,血小板的主要功能是在血管损伤部位促进血凝块形成,防止血液丢失。,Platelets are formed in the bone marrow from giant multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes.,血小板和受损组织释放的物质与血浆凝血因子相互作用,形成使伤口闭合的血凝块。,Clotting factors are in an inactive form in the blood until an injury occurs.,当损伤出
4、现时,血液凝血因子被激活。,Substances released from the platelets and from the damaged tissue then interact with clotting factors in the plasma to produce a wound-sealing clot.,13种不同凝血因子相互作用才会有血凝现象出现,这就防止了不必要血凝出现。,The final reaction is the conversion of fibrinogen to threads of fibrin that trap blood cells and p
5、lasma to produce the clot.,最后一种反应是纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白,将血细胞和血浆拉在一起,形成血凝块。,To protect against unwanted clot formation, 13 different factors must interact before blood coagulates (clots).,基因通过控制酶的合成来行使其功能。,The activities of a cell are controlled by many hundreds of chemical reactions.,细胞活动是通过数百种化学反应来控制的。,Enzy
6、mes are made of protein and usually function as catalysts in chemical reactions.,酶由蛋白质组成,通常在化学反应中起催化剂作用。,Genes carry out their functions by controlling the synthesis of substances called enzymes.,组织、器官和系统中的所有细胞共同协调活动,最终使动物具有一定的外貌或特定的行为方式。,This appearance or manner of behavior is called the animals p
7、henotype.,这种外貌或行为方式称为动物的表型。,The activities of all cells working together in tissues, organs, and systems ultimately cause the animal to have a certain appearance or to behave in a certain manner.,lymphocytosis hematuria hepatopexy neuralgia cholecystectomy gastrorrhagia enteroenterostomy bronchoscop
8、e cystitis myoreceptor,arthrotome thermoplegia leucopenia pathology bacteremia osteomalacia angiectasis thoracoplasty cardiogram herniorrhaphy,词 汇 测 验,cardiospasm thyroidotomy atriomegaly fibroma abdominocentesis somatoscopy endocrinology aminotransferase immunodeficiency extracellular,arteriosclero
9、sis encephaloma pneumonitis fibroblast nephroptosis erythrocytolysis polypeptide glycolysis phagolysosome trophocyte,lymphocytosis 医淋巴球增多 hematuria 血尿 hepatopexy 肝固定术 neuralgia 神经痛 cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术 gastrorrhagia 胃出血 enteroenterostomy 肠-肠吻合术 bronchoscope 支气管镜 cystitis 膀胱炎 myoreceptor 肌感受器 arthro
10、tome 关节刀 thermoplegia 热射病,中暑 leucopenia 白细胞减少(症) pathology 病理学 bacteremia 菌血症,osteomalacia 骨软化 angiectasis 血管扩张 thoracoplasty 胸廓成形术 cardiogram 心电图 herniorrhaphy 疝缝术,疝修补术 cardiospasm 贲门痉挛 thyroidotomy 甲状腺切开 atriomegaly 心房肥大 fibroma 纤维瘤 abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺术 somatoscopy 体格检查,健康检查 endocrinology 内分泌学 a
11、minotransferase 转氨酶 immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷 extracellular 细胞外的,arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 encephaloma 脑瘤 pneumonitis 肺炎 fibroblast 成纤维细胞 nephroptosis 肾下垂 erythrocytolysis 红细胞溶解, 溶血 polypeptide 多肽 glycolysis 醣酵解 phagolysosome 吞噬溶酶体 trophocyte 营养细胞, 滋养细胞,与表皮不同,真皮是由血液、淋巴管和神经纤维以及皮肤的附属器官如毛囊、汗腺和皮脂腺所组成的活组织。为支持神经、
12、脉管和腺体形成精密的体系,真皮还包含有结缔组织细胞和纤维。 真皮中存在数种结缔组织细胞,如成纤维细胞、组织细胞(巨噬细胞)和肥大细胞。成纤维细胞是生成纤维的细胞,该细胞在损伤修复中起作用;组织细胞是通过吞入外源物质保护机体的巨噬细胞;肥大细胞是包含有大量组胺(痒过敏性反应所释放的一种物质)和肝素(一种抗凝剂)的特化细胞。 真皮的纤维主要由胶原构成。胶原是存在于骨、软骨、韧带以及皮肤中的一种纤维蛋白性物质。它具有一定的硬度和抗性,同时具有柔韧性。胶原纤维支持和保护穿过真皮的血管和神经网络。胶原疾病可影响机体的结缔组织,真皮结缔组织胶原异常的例子之一硬皮病。,与表皮不同,真皮是由血液、淋巴管和神经
13、纤维以及皮肤的附属器官如毛囊、汗腺和皮脂腺所组成的活组织。,In contrast to the epidermis, the corium is living tissue composed of blood, lymph vessels and nerve fibers, as well as the accessory organs of the skin, which are the hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.,为支持神经、脉管和腺体形成精密的体系,真皮包含有结缔组织细胞和纤维。,To support the
14、elaborate system of nerves, vessels, and glands, the corium contains connective tissue cells and fibers.,真皮中存在数种结缔组织细胞,如成纤维细胞、组织细胞(巨噬细胞)和肥大细胞。,Histiocytes are phagocytic cells that protect the body,by engulfing foreign materials.,Fibroblasts are fiber-producing cells that are active in repair of inj
15、ury.,成纤维细胞是生成纤维的细胞,该细胞在损伤修复中起作用。,There are several types of connective tissue cells in the corium: fibroblasts,histiocytes (macrophages) and mast cells.,组织细胞是通过吞入外源物质保护机体的巨噬细胞。,肥大细胞是包含有大量组胺(痒过敏性反应所释放的一种物质)和肝素(一种抗凝剂)的特化细胞。,Collagen is a fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, and ligaments, as well as in the skin.,The fibers in the dermis are mainly