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1、Period Two ,Word power & Grammar and usage,Part Grammar 名词性从句；it作形式主语,一、连接代词、连接副词引导的名词性从句 1.连接代词、连接副词在句中所作的成分 由what，which，who/whom，whose等连接代词和when，where，why，how等连接副词引导的名词性从句在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。,语法精析,(1)主语从句 Where we will go hasnt been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没有定下来。 What surprised us was her ignorance. 使我们吃
2、惊的是她的无知。 Why he did this is not known. 他为什么要这样做还不知道。 When she will come is still unknown. 她何时来还不知道。,注意：主语为从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句作主语，代表复数概念(常可从表语上看出)时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。试比较： What we need is water. 我们所需要的是水。 What we need are useful books. 我们所需要的是有用的书。 (2)宾语从句 The school was built on what used to be a
3、 wasteland. 这所学校是在以前的荒地上建造的。,Now we dont know how the pyramids were built. 现在我们不知道金字塔是如何建造的。 (3)表语从句 The problem is how we could prevent pollution. 问题是我们怎样才能制止污染。 This was why she left home. 这就是她离家的原因。 The Birds Nest was where the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games took place. 鸟巢就是举行第29届奥运会开
4、幕式的地方。,注意：because和why都可引导表语从句，why从句的内容表示的是结果，而because从句的内容表示的是原因。试比较： He was ill.That was why he didnt attend the meeting. 他病了，那就是他没出席会议的原因。 He didnt attend the meeting.That was because he was ill. 他没出席会议，那是因为他生病了。 在 The reason.is/was that.句式中，不能用why/because来代替 that。 The reason why he went to Qingda
5、o was that he wanted to find a good job. 他去青岛的理由是想找到一份好工作。,(4)同位语从句 We dont understand the problem why he gave up the competition at the last minute. 我们不明白这个问题为什么他在最后一刻放弃比赛。 She had no idea how she should do it. 她不知道她应该怎样做。 注意：名词性从句应使用陈述句语序。 引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词，一般不可省略。,2.连接代词和连接副词的选择 连接代词和连接副词的选择要把握住两
6、点： (1)成分：连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。 (2)意义：无论是连接代词还是连接副词，都有各自的意义。 Thats where the accident took place. 那就是事故发生的地方。(作状语，意为“的地方”) She didnt know who/whom we were talking about. 她不知道我们在谈论谁。(作介词宾语，意为“谁”),3.连接代词what (1)what 引导从句时，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，这时what具有两个含义：保留疑问的意义，即“什么；什么样的”；相当于“the thi
7、ng(s) that/which”，即“先行词定语从句”的含义。 You can have what you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。 Show me what(the things that) you have bought. 把你买的东西给我看看。,(2)另外，what的此种用法还可以表示时间(the time that)、地点(the place that)、人物(the person that)、数目(the amount/number that)等不同概念。 She is no longer what she was five years ago. 她已不是五年前的那个人了
8、。 Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。 注意：当what引导的名词性从句表示时间、地点等概念时，注意区别what，when和where的不同，when和where既可引导名词性从句，又可引导定语从句，修饰表示时间或地点的名词；what不能引导定语从句。试比较： After what seemed a long wait，the results were announced.经过了似乎漫长的等待之后，结果被宣布了。(what之前没有表示时间的先行词),Ill never forget the ti
9、me when I studied at university. 我永远忘不了我上大学的那段时间。(when之前有先行词the time) 4.“疑问词ever”与“no matter疑问词”的用法 whoever，whatever，whichever等既可引导名词性从句又可引导让步状语从句，而“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。 Whoever telephones(No matter who telephones)，tell them Im out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 No matter what you say，I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都
10、相信你。,二、it作形式主语 1.基本用法 当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时，为避免头重脚轻通常在句首使用形式主语it，而把真正的主语后置。 (1)代替主语从句 It is a fact that the population is still increasing. 人口仍在增长是事实。 用it作形式主语的结构： It be名词(a pity，a shame，an honor，a good idea，a miracle，a fact，common knowledge，a surprise.)从句。,It is a pity that I cant go with you because I
11、 have to look after my little brother. 我不能和你一起去真是遗憾，因为我必须照看我的小弟弟。 It be形容词(clear，possible，likely，natural，certain，fortunate，necessary，strange，uncertain，obvious，important.)从句。 It is obvious that he is the best student I have ever met. 很显然他是我曾遇到过的最好的学生。 It不及物动词(happen，seem，occur，matter)从句。 It occurred
12、to him that he failed in the examination. 他突然想起他考试不及格。 It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 他是对是错都没关系。,Itbe过去分词(found，believed，reported，thought，noted，proved，known，decided，suggested，required.)从句。当这里的过去分词表示“建议、命令、要求”时，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式是should do，should可以省略。 It is reported that the fire caused a g
13、reat loss and hundreds of people died. 据报道这次火灾造成了巨大的损失，并且有数百人死亡。 Its suggested that she (should) sing an English song. 有人提议她唱首英语歌曲。 (2)代替不定式短语 Its our duty to help others. 帮助他人是我们的义务。,(3)代替v.-ing短语 Its no use arguing with him. 同他争辩没用。 2.it作形式主语和it用于强调句型的比较 it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化，可以是t
14、hat，whether或连接代词、连接副词。而it的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that，若被强调部分指人时也可用who。试比较： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.(主语从句) 你没有去看电影真遗憾。,It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.(主语从句) 你成功与否我都不感兴趣。 It was in the morning that the murder took place.(强调句型) 正是上午的时候谋杀案发生了。 It was Jo
15、hn that/who broke the window.(强调句型) 是约翰把窗子打破的。,即时跟踪 用适当的连接词填空 1.The question is he can arrive at the hotel. 2. watch was lost is unknown. 3.I dont know you should depend on. 4.We discovered we had learned to be valuable. 5.The new book is about Shenzhou manned spaceship was sent up into space. 6.Non
16、e of us knows these new parts can be bought. 7.Its a pity she cant come to the promshe is ill. 8.It was on December 11,2001 China became a member of the WTO. 9.He has no idea the meeting will be held in the meeting room. 10.Its still a complete mystery caused the accident.,答案,when,Whose,whom,whom,how,where,that,that,when,what,1.It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on t
