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1、1,1.1.2 Homer Epics 荷马史诗,传说作者为荷马。史诗为欧洲文学史中的最早的有作者的作品。普遍认为是游吟诗人口头流传下来，后来又某个人整理出来的相传是公元前九八世纪由一个名叫荷马的盲诗人根据小亚细亚口头流传的史诗短歌编成的，因而被称为荷马史诗。公元前六世纪正式形成文字。,2,Epics,Homer (around 700B.C.) was considered by ancient Greeks the author of their epics. Epics consist of the Iliad and the Odyssey.,3,The Iliad （伊里亚特）,de
2、als with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek side. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by t
3、he Greeks.,4,关于特洛伊,1 交战双方- 2 交战地点-,5,6,7,特洛伊人的一座王都”特洛伊”-也叫”伊利昂”. 当时希腊地方强大部族的总称:”阿凯亚人”在史诗中也称:”阿尔戈斯人”,”那达亚人” Iliad 的原意是”伊利翁之歌”.它本身就是 一部神的故事和英雄传说。,8,ILIAD 24 chapters 15693 (lines),9,Eris 厄里斯,The goddess of discord 不和女神,Achilles,10,11,The Apple of discord For the Fairest,12,Sparta,Menelaus Helen,13,Aga
4、memnon Sacrificed his daughter to the goddess of chase. And he got wind to go to Troy.,14,Paris and Achilles,15,The end of Troy,16,The Troy War,The wrath of Achilles -The Funeral Ceremony of Hector The Death of Patroclus,17,BOOK I,Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought co
5、untless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.,18,And
6、 which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? It was the son of Jove and Leto; for he was angry with the king and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest. Now Chryses had come to the ships of the Achaeans to free his
7、 daughter, and had brought with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the sceptre of Apollo wreathed with a suppliants wreath and he besought the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs.,19,“Sons of Atreus,“ he cried, “and all other Achaeans, may the gods w
8、ho dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, and to reach your homes in safety; but free my daughter, and accept a ransom for her, in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove.“,20,On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for respecting the priest and taking the ransom that he offered
9、; but not so Agamemnon, who spoke fiercely to him and sent him roughly away. “Old man,“ said he, “let me not find you tarrying about our ships, nor yet coming hereafter. Your sceptre of the god and your wreath shall profit you nothing. I will not free her. She shall grow old in my house at Argos far
10、 from her own home, busying herself with her loom and visiting my couch; so go, and do not provoke me or it shall be the worse for you.“,21,The old man feared him and obeyed. Not a word he spoke, but went by the shore of the sounding sea and prayed apart to King Apollo whom lovely Leto had borne. “H
11、ear me,“ he cried, “O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might, hear me oh thou of Sminthe. If I have ever decked your temple with garlands, or burned your thigh-bones in fat of bulls or goats, grant my prayer, and let your arrows avenge these my
12、 tears upon the Danaans.“,22,Thus did he pray, and Apollo heard his prayer. He came down furious from the summits of Olympus, with his bow and his quiver upon his shoulder, and the arrows rattled on his back with the rage that trembled within him. He sat himself down away from the ships with a face
13、as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he shot his arrow in the midst of them. First he smote their mules and their hounds, but presently he aimed his shafts at the people themselves, and all day long the pyres of the dead were burning.,23,For nine whole days he shot his arrows among the
14、 people, but upon the tenth day Achilles called them in assembly- moved thereto by Juno, who saw the Achaeans in their death-throes and had compassion upon them. Then, when they were got together, he rose and spoke among them.,24,“Son of Atreus,“ said he, “I deem that we should now turn roving home
15、if we would escape destruction, for we are being cut down by war and pestilence at once. Let us ask some priest or prophet, or some reader of dreams (for dreams, too, are of Jove) who can tell us why Phoebus Apollo is so angry, and say whether it is for some vow that we have broken, or hecatomb that
16、 we have not offered, and whether he will accept the savour of lambs and goats without blemish, so as to take away the plague from us.“,25,The end of Iliad,Then King Priam spoke to them saying, “Bring wood, O Trojans, to the city, and fear no cunning ambush of the Argives, for Achilles when he dismissed me from the ships gave me his word that they should not attack us until the morning of the twelfth day.“,26,Forthwith they yoked their oxen and mules and gathered
