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1、1,Chapter 11 Linguistics and Language Teaching,2,Applied linguistics Theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching. Linguistics, as the science of language, should be of fundamental importance for teachers of language.,3,Accordi
2、ng to Jo McDonough, a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would have a stronger position than one who handles the argument by using authority “its like that”, “its an exception”, or “its less formal”.,4,1. Linguistics and language learning,Many language learning theories are prop
3、osed based on certain linguistic theories. In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately.,5,As Rod Ellis points out, “whereas much of the earlier work focused on the linguistic and, in part
4、icular, the grammatical-properties of learner language and was psycholinguistic in orientation, later work has also attended to the pragmatic aspects of learner language and, increasingly, has adopted a sociolinguistic perspective.,6,Although certain language learners (e.g., advanced learners and st
5、udents majoring a foreign language) certainly benefit from a knowledge of linguistics, it is not sensible to recommend the majority of language learners to study linguistics while they are still struggling with the task of learning the language itself.,7,1.1 Grammar,As a compromise between the “pure
6、ly form-focused approaches” and the “purely meaning-focused” approaches, a recent movement called focus on form seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.,Do we teach grammar? How do we teach grammar?,8,Focus on Form,Although language learning should generally be
7、 meaning-focused and communication-oriented, it is still necessary and beneficial to focus on form occasionally.,9,Focus on form often consists of an occasional shift of attention to linguistic code featuresby the teacher and/or one or more studentstriggered by perceived problems with comprehension
8、or production.,10,Universal Grammar,Two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form are the relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and the complexity of language structures. According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is
9、high; otherwise, the amenability is low.,11,The problem is that no one knows for sure what exactly is part of UG. It is here that the study of linguistics comes into play. The study of UG, which is often considered as the theory for the sake of theory, is now needed in language learning research in
10、the most practical sense.,12,The study of UG has attracted considerable attention from many second language acquisition researchers because knowledge of linguistic universals may help to shape L2 acquisition in a number of ways. For example, it can provide explanations for developmental sequences an
11、d language transfer.,13,Structural complexity,It can be assumed that less complex structures have higher amenability, but complexity is hard to define. Formally simple structures can be functionally complex and formally complex items are not necessarily functionally complex. Again we resort to lingu
12、istics in order to have a better understanding of the complexity of language structures.,14,Grammar-based teaching,Grammar-translation method Audiolingual method Situational language teaching,15,1.2 Input,Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target lang
13、uage. This input may come in written or spoken form. In the case of spoken input, it may occur in the context of interaction or in the context of non-reciprocal discourse .,16,Views diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners. Authentic input Comprehensible inpu
14、t (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input Interactively modified input: tends to do a better job,17,Input-based teaching,Direct method Natural approach Total physical response Communicative approach Community language learning (CLL) Suggestopedia Silent way,18,Suggestopedia: Learn While You Sleep!,The Bulg
15、arian physician Georgi Lozanov devised a language learning method called Suggestopedia.,19,Caleb Gattegnos Silent Way,20,This is a chart containing a certain number of different coloured rectangles; each colour corresponds to a sound in the language.,21,The Fidel is a set of charts presenting all th
16、e possible spellings of each sound of the language.,22,One of the 12 word charts on which the functional words of the language are printed in color.,23,http:/ Interlanguageoutput,The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. It is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learners nativ
