《语言学 03--chapter three lexicon》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学 03--chapter three lexicon（55页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter Three Lexicon,1. What is word?,A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A vague definition. Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations.
2、,1.1 Three senses of “word”,A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg Phonological: Orthographic: It is wonderful. Three words are recognized.,However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes: Phonological: Orthographic: Its wonderful. Are they tw
3、o words or three?,A set of forms: walk, walks, walking, walked How many words are there? I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven. How many times did the word “have” occur?,A lexical item or a lexeme,A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme WRITE includes all of its gra
4、mmatical forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, written,A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme Problem: blackboard,1.2 Identification of words,Stability: stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the wor
5、d disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary .,A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg Is Jane coming tonight? Possibly. Hi
6、. Wonderful.,1.3 Classification of words,Variable vs. Invariable Words: Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats. Invariable words: since, when, seldom, through, etc.,Grammatical vs. Lexical Words: Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. L
7、exical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. Closed-class vs. Open-class Words: Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries. Open-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.,
8、Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc. Some new terms in word class: Particle: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. Auxiliary: do
9、, have Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.,Pro-forms: substitutes for other terms. Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his. Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too. Pro-locative: He went there.,Determiner
10、: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers. As many as three determiners may be used in each case and there is a fixed order when there is more than one.,Determiner,Predeterminers: all, both; half, one-third, three-quarters ; double, twice, thre
11、e times ; such, what (exclamative) Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; PossP; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); a, another, some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, much, more, most, less; a few, a little Postdeterminers: every; many, several, few, littl
12、e; one, two, three ; (a) dozen,*their all trouble *five the all boys *all this boy *all both girls,2. Morphology,Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components morphemes.,The Grammar of Words,2.1 Morphemes,T
13、he smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.,2.2 Types of morphemes,Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes
14、: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.,Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be free: those
15、that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation+-al; or bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.,Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into prefix (dis-, un-) and suffix (-en, -ify).,Bas
16、e: a morpheme to which an affix is added, eg friend root base friendly root/base + suffix base unfriendly prefix + base base unfriendliness base + suffix base?,Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added, eg friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es. Inflection: grammatical endings, eg plural, tense, comparative, etc. Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, eg friend+-ly friendly.,2.3 Word-formation,Inflection,Nomi
