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1、SemanticsSemanticsv Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. v Semantics = Theory of Meaningv Its goal is to reveal how language are matched with their proper meanings by the speakers of that language.v Lexical semanticsthe study of word meanings.
2、 it deals not only with the meanings of individual words but also the relationship between the meanings of different words. v Compositional semanticsis concerned exclusively with the meanings of phrases and sentences. History of Semanticsv 1893 - French linguist Breal coined “semantique”.v 1897 Brea
3、l first use it as the science of meaning.v 1900 Its English version came out.v 1980s semantics began to be introduced into China.v One of the most famous books on semantics is The Meaning of Meaning (1923).Semantic Triangle 语义三角Concept（meaning） refers to symbolizes Symbol Thing（word） （referent） stan
4、ds for The Referential Theory 指称论v Concept (Meaning): the mental image, the abstraction or generalization of objects of the same kind. v Referent (Thing): the physical entity or actual object, event, idea or whatever if denoted by a word, phrase or expression.v Concept VS. Referent (Thing)v A refere
5、nt may exist in the physical world.v The concept is abstracted from the referent and labeled by a word.Sense 语义v Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form independent of situational context. Its abstract and de-contextualized.Sense RelationsSense relations between words Words are in diffe
6、rent sense relations with each other. There are generally 5 kinds of sense relations: 1) synonymy 同义 2) antonymy 反义 3) hyponymy 上下义 4) polysemy 一词多义 5) homonymy 同音同形异义1. Synonymyv It is the sameness or close similarity of meaning.v Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.DefinitionBrEAmE
7、the area next to a street where pedestrians walkpavementsidewalkplace from where goods are boughtshopstorepayment in a restaurantbillcheckFormalCommon CasualgentlemanmanchapPass awaydiePop off2. Antonymy v It is the oppositeness of meaning. v Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.v Opposit
8、eness can be found on different dimensions:v Gradable antonymy v Complementary antonymy v Converse antonymy (relational opposites)Gradable antonymy 分级反义词v good/ bad, long /short, narrow/ widev The members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the
9、other. There are often intermediate forms between them.v Not good badv Hot -warm-cool-coldComplementary antonymy 互补反义词v alive/ dead, male/ female, present/ absent, pass/ fail , boy/ girl v It is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other
10、 and the assertion of one means the denial of the other.Converse antonymy 换位反义词 (relational opposites关系对立反义词) v buy/ sell, lend/ borrow, before /after, v teacher/ student, above /belowv The members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship b
11、etween two entities.ExerciseClassify the following pairs of antonyms:Gradable antonymy Complementary antonymy Converse antonymy v married-single male-female hot-cold give-take big-small awake-asleep north-south logical-illogical win-lose buy-sell doctor-patient above-below3. Hyponymy上下义关系v It is the
12、 sense relation between two words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word.HyponymyMusical instruments -piano flute guitar violin tuba tromboneFish-snapper salmon bass sole trout Salmon- chinook spring coho king sockey 4. Polysemy v A word is polysemic if it has mo
13、re than one meaning. Wood:v family tree v a geographical area with many trees 5. Homonymyv When two or more words are the same in pronunciation or in spelling or in both but different in meaning, they are called homonyms.3 types of homonyms: v perfect homonyms(同音同形异义词)v homographs（同形异义词）v homophones
14、 (同音异义词). Perfect homonymsv Perfect homonyms are words which are the same in both pronunciation and spelling but different in meaning. v bank (银行、河岸)v bear (容忍、生（孩子）)v sound (声音、完美的) Homographsv Homographs are words which are the same in spelling, but different in pronunciation and meaning. v bow /b/ -弓“v bow /bau/ -鞠躬Homophonesv Homophones are words which are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling and meaning. v tail / talev to / two / toov pair / pearv see / seav I / eyev
