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1、Embedding sustainability in the design of water supply and drainage systems for buildingsAbstractIn addressing sustainability issues for the built environment, focus is often directed towards minimising energy consumption and material use. Often forgotten however, is the potential for the integratio
2、n of sustainable solutions when designing water and waste management systems for buildings. The fundamental functions of such systems are clearly recognised, but traditional design principles often constrain opportunities for performance enhancement and for water and pipework economies. To an extent
3、, this is unsurprising, given the basic premise that steady-state analysis of flows underpins many of the codes and guidelines used worldwide. However, advances in simulation methods mean that system performance resulting from the use of new techniques and from the integration of innovative and more
4、 sustainable design approaches can now be fully assessed.This paper provides an overview of the watersupply and drainage systems for buildings whose performance has been assessed through the development, at HeriotWatt University, of a suite of numerical simulation models. These models accurately pre
5、dict, using appropriate forms of the St. Venant equations, the pressure and flow regime within such systems by applying the Method of Characteristics finite difference technique. The paper provides three different examples of application, where the focus of each is on embedding sustainability in des
6、ign.1. IntroductionIn providing watersupply and waste management systems for buildings, it is essential that performance is assured. Key functions encompass: the provision of potable water and that required for basic hygiene; the removal of water that has been contaminated with waste products; and t
7、he provision of a physical barrier between the potentially harmful miasma present in drain pipes and sewers and the habitable space. It is also important that the building uses to best benefit, any impinging rainwater as well as any resultant wastewater, thus reducing unnecessary wastage and limitin
8、g the loading on sewer and drainage networks and/or collection systems. Sustainability should underpin design theory in each of these aspects through limiting watersupply and consumption, and through reducing material use, cost and environmental impact. Watersupply and drainage systems for buildings
9、 therefore provide a number of opportunities for the integration of sustainable solutions, however, these must be achieved without compromising performance, and thus, the response of systems during use must be fully understood.Often the approach adopted for the design of water and wastewater systems
10、 is based upon the application of steady-state principles in order to determine, for example, flow loading or pressure response. Although such methods facilitate system specification in a somewhat deterministic fashion, they seldom provide the opportunity to assess the time-dependent response of sys
11、tems information that can readily inform key design decisions. The following text will therefore illustrate how an understanding of the dynamic response of systems coupled with the development, at HeriotWatt, of a suite of numerical simulation models has facilitated the effective and efficient desig
12、n and analysis of watersupply and drainage for buildings, thereby enabling a comprehensive assessment of the potential for integration of innovative and sustainable design solutions. It is worth noting at this point that, throughout this paper, the term watersupply will be presented within the conte
13、xt of water use within the building that, indirectly, dictates supply from large scale networks.Each component model contributing to the suite developed at HeriotWatt utilises the Method of Characteristics technique. This technique was first used by Massau in 1900 to analyse open channel flow, and t
14、hen by Lamoen in 1947 to analyse water hammer, and transforms the appropriate forms of the St. Venant equations of continuity and momentum into a pair of total differential equations solvable by finite difference methods. These equations are termed the C+ and C characteristics, and define the condit
15、ions at a node one time step in the future in terms of current conditions at adjacent upstream and downstream nodes. The finite difference grid is defined using the independent variables distance, x and time, t, linked with dependent variables, either u and c fluid velocity and propagation wave spee
16、d for air or u and h fluid velocity and depth for free surface water. It will be appreciated that at system boundaries, an additional equation is required to complete the finite difference solution. Equations are therefore defined at these locations, and provide information on the static or dynamic behaviour, as appropriate, of the boundary.The theoretical and empirical definition of these boundary condition equations has formed the focus of both past and present resear
