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1、Chapter Two Economy,【2.1 The Economy of China】 【中国经济】,2.1.1 Chinas Industrial Economy,In terms of China, these two large shifts both occurred in the second half of the 20th century. Besides, because of the unique way of transforming to the market economy and its continuous and fast growth, China att
2、racted more and more attention from international society.,After the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, Chinese industry got redevelopment from the ruins after war. Through several years period of economic restoration and transition, China started its own industrialized foundation
3、gradually. Then in the continuous adjustment, Chinese industrial economy gradually transformed from planned system into market-oriented economic structure and China has developed from an underdeveloped industrial country into a modern one.,2.1.2 Chinas Agricultural Economy,After the foundation of th
4、e Peoples Republic of China, on the basis of carrying out land system reform, applying new technology and adopting new product organizational form, Chinese agricultural development got great progress. Before the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese grain production could not meet the
5、 basic needs of the whole peoples food and clothing. But now, it not only can meet the need of peoples food and clothing completely, but also meet the need in the deep processing of most agricultural products and the feed of them. Besides, there are also some left to be used to export.,Since the fou
6、ndation of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese agriculture has experienced several periods and each period has its own features. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following six stages:,2.1.3 Chinas Foreign Trade,In the nearly thirty years since the foundation of New China to the peri
7、od before reform and opening up, China had carried out the development policy of “being independent and self-reliant”. The policy “to catch up and surpass” was carried out and the highly power-centralized and mandatory planning economic system was practiced taking the realization of industrializatio
8、n in economic development in order to get rid of the situation of poverty and backwardness.,Chinas economic reform from the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s had brought Chinas foreign trade into an important turning period. The Third Plenary Congress of the Eleventh Central Committee o
9、f the Chinese Communist Party in 1978 pointed out clearly that “China should develop its economic coordination with the other countries in the world on the condition of equality and mutual benefit and try its best to make use of the world advanced technology and equipments on the base of self-relian
10、ce.”,2.1.4 Chinas Fiscal Expenditure,After the completion of socialist transformation, the Chinese Government focuses its attention on economic development. From the first five-year plan to 1985, the expenditure on economic development accounted for a large number to the financial expenditure, close
11、 to 60%. With the changes in the economic system, economic management functions gradually weaken down, while the functions of social management increase. And at the same time, the structure of financial expenditure has also changed a lot.,From the changes in the structure of fiscal expenditure, we c
12、an see the changes in Chinese government function have experienced three stages in general: during the years immediately after 1949, the focus was on the security functions; from 1953 to the reform and opening up, its main function was economic construction; with the reform and opening up the functi
13、on of social management is becoming increasingly important.,2.1.5 Chinas Tax System,History of the Chinese Tax Reform Tax reform in 1958: At that time, the socialist transformation was basically completed. Tax category and tax rate were adjusted according to the principle of “simplifying tax system
14、on the basis of the original tax burden”. The primary coverage included: the mergence of tax categories, simplification of tax links, and lowering the tax rate of specific products. There were 11 tax categories after the adjustment. Tax reform in 1973: As a result of special political and economic e
15、nvironment, the reform emphasized simplification in unilateralism, and the nature of combined taxes was vague. They were the products of idea of the “Great Cultural Revolution”. Regulation of tax revenue to economy after the tax reform is close to zero.,2.1.5 Chinas Tax System,History of the Chinese
16、 Tax Reform Tax reform from 1979 to 1993: It consisted of two steps: “tax payments instead of profit deliveries to the state” and the 1984 business and tax overall reform. Chinese tax system developed from single tax system to multiple tax system which was comprehensive, multi-link and multi-level. Thus it basically adapted to the multiple economic forms, distribution channels and management ways at that time. Tax reform in 1994: It has been the largest scale, most widely used,
