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1、Unit 12 International Law,国际法,Lead-in,国际法是指适用主权国家之间以及其它具有国际人格的实体之间的法律规则的总体。国际法又称国际公法，以区别于国际私法或法律冲突，后者处理的是不同国家的国内法之间的差异。根据国际法院规约第38条之规定，国际法的渊源包括以下几个方面：条约、国际习惯法、一般法律原则、司法判例及学说等。至于国际法的法律依据，早期西方社会是不承认的，但目前国际法的法律地位已经得到了确认。然而，从实证的角度来考察，名义上国际法对国家具有约束力，但事实上国际社会缺乏有效制裁违法国家的手段。,International Law,-International
2、 law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations, primarily applicable to countries rather than to private citizens.,History Existed since the mid-19th century; Two sophisticated legal systems developed in the Western World: the codi
3、fied systems of continental European states (American Civil Law) and English common law. In the 20th century, the two World Wars and the formation of the League of Nations accelerate this process and established modern public international law., After the failure of the Treaty of Versailles and Worl
4、d War II, the UN has also been the focus for the development of new advisory (non-binding) standards, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Other international norms and laws have been established through international agreements, including the Geneva Conventions, as well as by agreemen
5、ts implemented by other international organizations.,Sources of international law Treaties, international customs, and general principles; judicial decisions and scholarly writings,Types of international law Public international law: Public international law (or international public law) governs the
6、 relationship between states and international entities. It includes these legal fields: treaty law, law of sea, international criminal law, the laws of war or international humanitarian law and international human rights law.,Norms of international law have their sources: 1. custom, or customary in
7、ternational law. (consistent state practice accompanied by opinio juris) 2. globally accepted standards of behavior (peremptory norms known as jus cogens or ius cogens). 3. codifications contained in conventional agreements, generally termed treaties.,Private international law: Conflict of laws, oft
8、en called “private international law“ in civil law jurisdictions, governs conflicts between private persons.,Supranational law: Supranational law or the law of supranational organizations, concerns regional agreements. It is distinguished from public international law, because in supranational law,
9、nations explicitly submit their right to make judicial decisions by treaty to a set of common tribunal. The United Nations Security Council and subordinate organizations such as the International Court of Justice are the only globally accepted supranational tribunals.,Monism and Dualism in Internati
10、onal Law “Monism” and “dualism” are used to describe two different theories of the relationship between international law and national law. Monists accept that the internal and international legal systems form a unity. Dualists emphasize the difference between national and international law, and req
11、uire the translation of the latter into the former.,Examples In UK, the dualist view is predominant. International law is only part of British national law once it is accepted in national law. The United States of America has a “mixed“ monist-dualist system; international law applies directly in US
12、courts.,A matter of national legal tradition A monist state is less at risk of violating international rules, because its judges can apply international law directly. Dualist states are in the risk of negligence or unwillingness to translate international law, or delays of translation, or misinterpr
13、etation of international law. Every state decides for itself, according to its legal traditions, determine monism or dualism.,Words and Expressions,supranational 超国家的，多国的 supranational law 超国家法 tribunal 法庭；裁决 state sovereignty 国家主权 the International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织 the World Intellectual P
14、roperty Organization 世界知识产权组织 the International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟 UNESCO= the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizaition 联合国教科文组织,the World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织 the International Monetary Fund 国际货币组织 hierarchy 等级制度 public international law 国际公法 humanitarian
15、人道主义的 private international law/ conflict of laws 国际私法 UN General Assembly 联合国大会 supply chain 供应链,Notes,European Court of Human Rights（欧洲人权法院）：The European Court of Human Rights is a supra-national or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights.,International Criminal
16、Court（欧洲刑事法院）：The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is a permanent international tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression (although jurisdiction for the crime of aggression will not be awakened until 2017 at the earliest).,Geneva Conventions（日内瓦公约）：The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the sta
