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1、The Effect of Student Mobility on School Achievement:,A Study of the South Bend Community School Corporation,Part 1: What we know about student mobility from previous research,Nick Deprey Joseph Ruffini Andrew Marchese,Introduction,What is student mobility? How much school switching goes on? Why do
2、students change schools? Which students move the most? Why school switching matter? For students For Schools What can schools do to reduce student mobility? To mitigate the consequences of mobility?,What is Student Mobility?,Students making non-promotional school changes Can occur during the school
3、year or between school years Can move to a school in same district or outside the district Can occur more than once a year,How much school switching goes on?,In 1998, NAEP study showed 34% of 4th graders 21% of 8th graders 10% of 12th graders changed schools at least once in previous two years.,Sour
4、ce: Rumberger, 2003,Which students move the most?,Among 4th graders, the NAEP study showed that over a 2 yr period. . . 45 % of Black 41 % of Hispanic 27% of White 33% of Asian American . . . students changed schools,Source: Rumberger, 2003,Which students move the most?,Low-income students 43% of 4t
5、h graders eligible for national school lunch Living in single parent, mother-only families 40% of all students moving 3 or 4 times over two years,Sources: Rumberger, 2003; Kerbow, 1996.,Which students move the most?,by type of school district. . . Large, predominantly minority, urban school district
6、s 30-40% of students enroll for less than the school year,Source: Rumberger, 2003,Which students move the most?,overall. . . More students make nonpromotional changes during their elementary and secondary school careers than stay in a single elementary, middle, and high school Changing school is the
7、 norm for elementary students an exception for high school students,Source: Rumberger, 2003,Why do students change schools?,Changing residences (70% of moves for 8-12th graders) Evictions Changes in family composition Splits marriages School orders move for disciplinary reasons To experience more di
8、versity To avoid problematic environment To attend a better school,Source: Kerbow, 1996,Why does Mobility Matter?,Consequences. For Students switching schools Lower Achievement More Behavioral Problems Higher Drop-out Rates For classrooms For students who stay For schools,Lower Achievement for Mover
9、s,On average, changing schools lowered GPA (measured on a 4.0 scale) by .163 points for Black students .541 points for Hispanic students Students who switch schools also were 35% more likely to have failed a grade,Source: Felner, Ginter and Primavera, 1981 The Journal of the American Medical Associa
10、tion,Behavioral Problems for Movers,After controlling for socioeconomic differences, 77% of school switchers are reported to have behavioral problems Behavioral problems increase with the number of school changes,Source: Tucker, Marx, and Long, 1998 The Journal of the American Medical Association,Hi
11、gher Dropout Rates for Movers,Students switching schools early are more likely to drop out before graduating high school 1 out of every 4 eighth graders switching schools drops-out,Source: Swanson and Schneider, 1999; Rumberger and Larson,Consequences for Stayers,The stable core percent of students
12、who remain at a school from one year to the next In a typical Chicago elementary school, 46% or students who entered in kindergarten are present for the first day of 4th grade,Source: Kerbow, 1996,Consequences for Stayers,Mobility creates Chaos Factor in classrooms Instructional routines disrupted P
13、ace of instruction slows Curriculum design driven by needs of movers Administrative resources diverted to incorporating new students Teacher morale falls Sense of community fractured Stayers suffer academically (lower scores),Source: Rumberger, 2003,Consequences for Schools,School test scores fall A
14、bility to evaluate instructional quality clouded Schools held accountable for students who may have been elsewhere for a significant portion of the school year,Source: Rumberger, 2003,What can schools do to reduce student mobility?,Educate students/parents about the consequences of moving Assess pas
15、t enrollment history to identify frequent movers and target them Problem solve so that students can remain,Source: Rumberger, 2003,What can schools do to reduce student mobility?,Work with community agencies to reduce need for residential moves Review timing of housing subsidy payments Work with loc
16、al reality association Coordinate foster home placements Build school identity and student loyalty,Source: Schuler, 1990,What can schools do to mitigate the consequences of mobility?,Schools and teachers should: Prepare in advance for new students Facilitate transition as soon as new students arrive Establish ongoing procedures and practices to address new students needs,Source:Rumberger (2003),Bibliography,Alexander, K., Entwisle, D., & Dauber ( 1994). “Children in Motion: School Transfe
