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1、研究論文寫作 Research Paper Writing,尚惠芳 教授兼系主任 義守大學應用英語學系,1,97學年度第二學期,2,Outline,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Literature Review and Research Problems Survey Research Qualitative Methods Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs Sampling Data Collection Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting Writ
2、ing Research Paper,3,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research,Section I,4,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research ( by James Neill),5,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research,6,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research,7,Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research,8,Literature Review and Research Problems,Section II,
3、9,Literature Review and Research Problems,I. Why Do a Literature Review? A. for planning primary research: 1. find a lack of consistency in reported results 2. find a flaw in research methods 3. conduct on a different population 4. find a solution for a problem 5. uncertainty about the interpretatio
4、n,10,B. As an end in itself: 1. inform practice (e.g. solve a problem) 2. provide understanding about the topic (longer process for integrative research review),Literature Review and Research Problems,11,II. What Is the Search Process? A. Nine steps: 1. Identify a research topic (cause effect) 2. Re
5、view secondary sources to get an overview 3. Develop a search strategy (collect databases, titles, abstract, full texts) 4. Conduct the search (search the sources),Literature Review and Research Problems,12,5. Get a copy of the article 6. Read and prepare bibliographic information and notes 7. Evalu
6、ate the research reports (identify major points) 8. Analyze the research findings and synthesize the results (narrative and statistical methods) 9. Use the literature review (based on major points),Literature Review and Research Problems,13,III. Research Questions and Hypotheses: A. four categories
7、of research questions: 1. descriptive 2. normative 3. correlative 4. impact,Literature Review and Research Problems,14,1. Descriptive questions: Provide information about what is or has been happening related to the research topic (e.g., What is the major difficulty for EFL writers?) 2. Normative qu
8、estions: Provide information compared with some standard or expected observation (e.g., Will EFL teachers achieve a better quality if they get a teaching certificate?),Literature Review and Research Problems,15,3. Correlative questions: Identify relationship (e.g., What is the relationship between t
9、he year of training in writing and ss writing performance?) 4. Impact questions: Identify effect (e.g., What is the effect of teachers positive comments on ss writing performance?),Literature Review and Research Problems,16,4-1. Two types of hypotheses: directional hypothesis: can expect the outcome
10、 e.g., “If ss can get teachers positive comments, (then) they will have a better writing performance” null hypothesis: can not expect the outcome e.g., “There is no difference between teachers positive comments and ss writing performance”,Literature Review and Research Problems,17,IV. In Summary, th
11、e Purposes of Literature Review: Provide previous research results (big picture) Provide a need for additional research (problem) Develop a conceptual framework (from major points to generate research questions and hypotheses) Guide the research design and conduct the study,Literature Review and Res
12、earch Problems,18,Survey Research,Section III,19,Survey Research,I. Main Purpose of Survey (Quantitative) Research: Collect data from a larger number of people Rely on individuals self-reports of their knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors II. Design Phase: Write the purpose of the survey (like a thesi
13、s statement) Write research questions based on the purpose (thesis),20,Survey Research,III. Three Design Considerations: Descriptive approach Cross-sectional approach Longitudinal approach,21,Survey Research,Descriptive approach: A survey describing the characteristics of a sample at one point in ti
14、me (e.g., senior students research paper writing difficulties in the Department of Applied English at I-Shou University in 2009),22,Survey Research,Cross-sectional approach: A survey examining several groups at one point in time (e.g., different grade level students writing difficulties in the AE De
15、partment at ISU in 2009) Pro: Compare responses across different grade levels in a shorter time Con: Not easy to make a comparison due to different subjects,23,Survey Research,Longitudinal approach: A survey examining one group at different points in time (e.g., 1-year, 2- year-, and 3-year graduate
16、s perceptions of RP course in the AE Department at ISU in 2006-2008) Pro: Follow the same subjects over a period of time Con: Take a longer time,24,Survey Research,IV. Data Collection Choices: Mail, telephone, personal interviews, email, web-based surveys, etc. Mail: Pro: Collect closed-ended information; low cost; enough time for the respondents Con: Lower response rates; no more in-depth information,25,Survey Research,Phone interviews: Pro: Collect open-ended informati
