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1、The Performance of Microkernel-Based Systems,L4Linux,What is a microkernel,kernels that only provide address spaces, threads, and IPC kernel does not handle e.g. the file system or interrupts,Mircokernel abstraction level,some researchers feel abstraction level is too high kernel should map more dir
2、ectly to hardware some researchers feel abstraction is too low focus on extensibility (Mach),L4,so called 2nd generation microkernel built from scratch as opposed to a developed from earlier monolithic kernel approaches (e.g. Mach),L4 essentials,threads, address spaces and cross-address-space commun
3、ication (IPC) other kernel operations e.g. RPC and address-space crossing thread migration are built up from IPC primitives,Address spaces,recursive construction granting, mapping, unmapping a page owner can grant or map any of its pages to another address space with the receiver permission. That pa
4、ge is then accessible to both address spaces,Address spaces (cont),only the grant, map, and unmap are implemented in the kernel user-level “pagers” handle page faults,Interrupts, exceptions, and traps,all handled at user level interrupts are transformed, by kernel, into IPC messages and sent to appr
5、opriate user level thread exceptions and traps are synchronous to associated thread and kernel mirrors them to that thread,Implementation of L4Linux,develop L4Linux, a linux “personality” on top of the L4 microkernel due to time restrictions the linux kernel was not fine tuned in L4Linux, so results
6、 are only an upper bound on the performance penalty,L4Linux,linux 2.0.21 on top of L4 linux kernel is a user level server 100% binary compatible modified versions of shared C library libc.so and libc.a user level “trampoline” exception 14 engineer months and 6500 rewritten lines out of a total of 34
7、0,000,Trampoline,100% binary compatible means that a program statically linked against the native linux library must run, unmodified, on L4Linux the trampoline “bounces” the system-call trap that on native linux went into the kernel back into the modified shared library on L4Linux Microkernel upcall
8、s into user level handler, handler than makes an RPC (read, invokes kernel again) to OS personality to invoke system call,L4Linux (cont),L4 maps the entire initial address space to kernel server single thread in L4, acts as a single virtual processor to the linux server Linux server occupies a small
9、 memory region, which utilizes Pentiums segment feature to protect its TLB entries, so the TLB always has the linux servers translations (small-address-space optimization),L4Linux (cont),L4 allows user level processes to disable interrupts, so uniprocessor version of linux did not need modification
10、of critical sections,L4Linux (cont),interrupt threads have a priority above the server itself, so they dont execute concurrently signals are forwarded to a co-located signal handler inside each user process, since only a thread in the same address space can manipulate another threads state,L4Linux (
11、cont),scheduling is mostly done by L4 scheduler Four priority levels: top half interrupts, bottom half interrupts, the linux server, user processes. No priority decay. so L4 interrupts the linux server in the same way the hardware would interrupt a native linux kernel,L4Linux (cont),“user level sche
12、dulers can dynamically change priority and time slice of any thread”?,Experiments,micro- and macro- benchmarks used to compare native linux and MkLinux (Mach derived variant) to L4Linux linux vs L4Linux demonstrates performance penalty for using microkernel L4Linux vs MkLinux demonstrates influence
13、of mircokernel on overall system including the influence of colocation extensibility experiments functionality specialized for L4Linux,Performance L4Linux, MkLinux and Linux,microbenchmarks getpid: L4Linux 2.4 or 3.4 times slower than linux; MkLinux 3.9 or 28 times slower than L4Linux lmbench and hb
14、ench: L4Linux 1 to 3 times slower than linux; MkLinux 1 to 32 times slower than L4Linux,Performance (cont) L4Linux, MkLinux and Linux,macrobenchmarks recompiling linux server: L4Linux 6%-7% slower than linux; MkLinux 10%-20% slower than L4Linux AIM multiuser benchmark suite: job throughput in L4Linu
15、x is 7%-8% lower than linux; MkLinux is 30%-52% lower than L4Linux,Conclusions,At application level there is a 5%-10% performance penalty for using L4Linux vs bare linux The particular microkernel used matters Colocation it secondary to microkernel implementation,Extensibility,“Can we add services o
16、utside L4Linux to improve performance by specializing Unix functionality” “Can we improve certain applications by using native microkernel mechanisms in addition to the classical API” “Can we achieve high performance for non-classical, Unix-incompatible systems coexisting with L4Linux”,Pipes and RPC,Virtual Memory,measure user level page fault that maps a page from one address space to another (not available on Unix) measured traps and two different trap, protect, unprotect patterns which p
