学英语 找长喜LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标：熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位，掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词，以及并列平行结构的一致问题基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文长难句的必备知识并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是通常所说的并列平行结构英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是：以同类语法形式来表达同类概念，以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果例1】Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.【点睛】crowding和pushing两个动名词是并列平行结构，由and连接；均作介词of的宾语译文】当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。
例2】In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing; at whatever table, they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.【点睛】本句由两个并列的分句组成，结构工整，含多个平行并列结构，如：介词短语In whatever company与at whatever table为一组平行并列结构，在两个句子中均作状语； persons和conversations平行并列，作第一个分句的宾语；在第二个分句中meat与drink平行并列，也作宾语译文】无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然；同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分二、可用于并列平行结构的语法单位语法单位例示名词平行结构Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书能带来愉悦，使人高雅、聪慧。
形容词平行结构Jack was honest, industrious and talented.杰克诚实、勤奋又聪明分词平行结构The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子们一边跑着，一边喊着、笑着动名词平行结构Jane prefers singing to dancing.珍妮喜欢唱歌胜过跳舞动词不定式平行结构To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.知道什么是好的和实际做得好不是一回事副词平行结构The work is handsomely and skillfully done.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平介词短语平行结构The room is fifteen feet in length and thirteen feet in width.这个房间长15英尺，宽13英尺谓语动词平行结构The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and then rang the bell.那位男士走进大门，犹豫了一下，之后按响了门铃。
句子平行结构A man who is able and has the will to do things should be given an important task.一个有能力而又乐于干工作的人应当委以重任例1】(06-Text 2)Stratford-on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry — William Shakespeare — but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.【点睛】句中的distinctly separate和increasingly hostile为并列平行结构，均作定语修饰branches译文】众所周知，埃文镇的斯特拉特德福只有一个产业——威廉·莎士比亚——但它有两个泾渭分明且日趋仇视的分支例2】(08-Text 1)The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 【点睛】介词结构by parents or other family members为介词短语平行结构，or后省略by。
译文】女性所遭受的人际间的暴力更多地来自于家庭，不幸的是，施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭成员，而且这些压力不是一次性的重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1．表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句，前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等例】(05-Text 4)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 【点睛】这是由nor连接起来的并列句第一个分句的主干为Americans ...expect public figures ... to command the English language with skill and gift.【译文】无论是在演讲中还是在写作中，美国人都不再期望公众人物英语技巧熟练、有良好的语言天分。
他们对自己也没有这样的渴求2．表示选择关系由or, either…or “不是…就是…”，otherwise“否则”，or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子例】（00-Part B）For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural recourses or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. 【点睛】本句包含三个or连接的并列选择句，各个谓语结构之间是并列选择关系。
后两个or后省略了they may译文】例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改革教育机构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源；或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作3．表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子but为代表的连词连接词有：but, not…but, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however为代表的连接副词有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等例】（95-Passage 2）The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.【点睛】句子主干结构就是not...but连接的表示转折关系的并列句。
注意but后的成分较复杂，有四个并列成分译文】成长过程不是道路本身，而是当人碰到新的情况或未曾遇到的障碍时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前4．表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子例】（02-Passage 1）Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 【点睛】两个句子由so连接，它们之间是因果关系译文】使听众发笑的往往是讲话的方式；因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情，这有助于表现出你正在轻松愉快地做一番评论二、并列句中表句际关系副词一览表关系副词例示表转折however, nevertheless, still, yet, rather, contrarilyHe is charming; nevertheless, I don’t trust him.表因果therefore, thus, hence, then, so, accordingly, consequentlyShe felt very tired, and therefore she went to bed early.= She felt very tired; therefore she went…表选择rather…thanShe’s rather die than give a speech.表列举first(ly), second(ly)…finallyHe studies hard; finally he gained high marks.表概括generally, 。