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1、8B Unit 3语法讲义：被动语态一、 主动语态与被动语态的概念：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用) 例：They speak English. （主动语态） 主 谓 宾English is spoken by them. （被动语态） 主 谓 介词短语注：及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。 例：We listen to the teacher carefully in class.主 谓 宾The teacher is listened to by us careful
2、ly in class. 主谓介词短语e laughed at him . He was laughed at by us.二、 被动语态的结构与用法：结构：be +done (过去分词) 被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。注：被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过去分词不变。用法：例：istory is made by the people. (一般现在时)he cars were made in Tianjing in 1995. (一般过去时)The tree will
3、be cut down next year.(一般将来时)he room must be kept clean.（含有情态动词的被动语态）The door is being opened.（现在进行时）The film has been seen by me.（现在完成时）注：我们初中主要掌握前面四种的用法时 态动词的被动形式例句一般现在时is doneHe is asked to do this.一般过去时was doneThe story was told by her mother.一般将来时will be doneThe problem will be discussed tomorr
4、ow.现在进行时is being doneThe novel is being written.过去进行时was being doneAt that time the desk was being made.现在完成时has been doneThe house has been built.过去完成时had been doneThey said that their work had been finished.过去将来时would be doneHe said the trees would be planted soon.三、 被动语态的各种句型：、 he song is liked b
5、y young people. (肯定句)、 he song isnt liked by young people（否定句）、 Is the song liked by young people ?（一般疑问句）、 Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the song liked?（特殊疑问句）四、 主动语态改被动语态的方法：方法分为三步：把原句中的宾语改成主语动词改为变动形式be done(同时注意时态)原来的主语如果需要的话放在介词by后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要则省去例：The man killed a tiger. A tiger wa
6、s killed by the man .(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)五、 特殊句型的被动语态：含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。例：Mother often makes me do some housework. I am often made to
7、 do some housework by mother.We saw him run into the classroom. He was seen to run into the classroom by us.teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语（一般是人）前要加相应的介词to/for。例：he gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me. I was given a pen by her
8、. A pen was given to me by her.My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me. I was bought a new bike by my father. A new bike was bought for me by my father.由不及物动词（vi）+介词/副词宾语的句子改成被动语态时，介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例)例：e should speak to old people politely. Old people should be spoken to
9、politely ( by us).He took away the box. The box was taken away by him.含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。（宾补放在原来位置不变）例：We call him Xiao Ma. 主谓宾 宾补e is called Xiao Ma by us.He found the book very interesting. The book was found very interesting by him.六、 没有被动语态的动词：1. 没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如 cost, fit, have, suit等没有被动形
10、式，另外，诸如happen = take place, break out(爆发)，break down(坏了) 等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: appear,die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread（传播）, stand, come true, fall asleep, .大多数系动词：be ,feel (摸起来)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来) taste（尝起来）等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例：he skirt feels very soft. 这件裙子摸起来很柔软。Many changes have happened in our hometown. The film lasted for 3 hours.第 2 页 共 2 页
