英汉语基本句型变异与翻译

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1、英汉语基本句型变异与翻译1. 英汉语句子的 5种基本句型: 1. SV (主语 + 谓语)2. SVO (主语 + 谓动 + 宾语)3. SVOC (主语 + 谓动 + 宾语 + 宾语补语)4. SVOO(主语 + 谓动 + 宾语1 + 宾语2)5. SVC (主语 + 谓动 + 主语补语或表语)2. 英汉语基本句型的常式句对应。1. SV (主语+谓语) 该句型中,谓语动词是不及物动词,一般只有一个实意动词充当谓语。例如:1)a. 太阳升起来了。b. The sun is rising.2)a. Im going to sleep.b. 我要睡觉了。2. SVO (主语+谓动+宾语)该句型中

2、,谓语动词是及物动词,及物动词后面需要接一个宾语,才能表达完整的意思。例如:1)a. 我们热爱和平。b. We love peace. 2)a. 我已经改变主意了。b. Ive changed my mind.3. SVOO (主语+谓动+宾语1+宾语2)该句型中,谓语动词是双重及物动词,及物动词后面需要接两个宾语,才能表达完整的意思。例如:1)a. 她给了他二本杂志。b. She gave him two magazines. 2)a. 约翰教我斟酒时不滴一滴的决窍。b. John taught me the trick of pouring wine without dropping an

3、y.4. SVOC (主语+谓动+宾语+宾语补语)该句型中,谓语动词是及物动词,宾语后面需要接一个补语才能表达完整的意思。例如:(1)a. 繁重的工作量迫使我取消去露营。b. The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.(2)a. 我们老师每天早晨教我们读英语。 b. Our teacher teaches us to read English every morning.5. SVC (主语+谓动+主语补语或表语)该句型中,谓语动词是连系动词,后面需要接一个补语(英语又叫表语)才能表达完整的意思。例如:(1)a. 童年是难忘

4、的。b. Childhood days are unforgettable. (2)a. 鸽子是和平的象征。b. The dove is the symbol of peace.3. 这5种英汉语基本句型不对应的句型/或变异句型与翻译。1. 英语SV (主语+谓语)的变异 英语为VS(谓语+主语),主要是为了强调或是修辞的需要:汉语没有相对应的变异句型,汉译时一般被翻译成汉语的常式句,即(主语+谓语)。She will be sixteen come May.(条件状语从句的需要)到了5月她就16岁了。With the autumn ended comes the winter, which

5、is the last season of the years.(强调状语,主语太长)秋天过去,冬天来临,冬季是一年的最后一个季节。Early in 1661 took place a general election.(强调状语)1661年早期举行了大选。汉语SV(主语+谓语)的变异汉语为VS(谓语+主语),是为了修辞的需要。英译时,基本上都移位SV,即(主语+谓语)。刚才又出来了一件事。Just now something else cropped up.七岁上就死了父亲。When he was seven, his father died.弹指又过了三四年。So three or fou

6、r years quickly passed.2. SVO (主语+谓动+宾语)英语SVO可以转为:1)OSV。汉语为常式句,即SVO(主语+谓动+宾语)。What beautiful skirt she wears!(感叹句需要)她穿了件多么漂亮的裙子啊!A lot of help I get from you, Miss Brown!(强调宾语)我得到了你的很多帮助,勃朗小姐!英汉语一致,即OSV(宾语+主语+谓动)。Two weeks you shall have.(强调宾语)两周的时间,你们会有的。Books, he had treasured from the earliest pe

7、riod of his life.(宾语后,有逗号,特别强调宾语)书籍,他从生命的最早阶段就开始珍藏了。That Saturday he met an old friend and this old friend he has known for twenty years.(衔接需要)那个星期六他遇到了一个老朋友,这个老朋友他认识20年了。The novel I liked, but the musical I was disgusted with.(强调宾语,对比平衡句子)汉语为常式句,即SVO(主语+谓动+宾语)。This much we have achieved; but we are

8、 not complacent.(上下文衔接)我们取得了这么多的成就,但我们并不自满。英语SVO可以转为:2)OSV +(pron.)汉译为OSV(+ pron.)Gold and silver I have none.(文气的表达)金银,我没有。Friends I have none in the city.(同上)朋友,我在城里一个也没有。(没有一个)Charles Darwin, I have often heard about him.(口语)查尔斯 达尔文, 我经常听说他。The man who wrote the book, I know him very well.(宾语较长)比

9、较* I know the man who wrote the book very well.(歧义)写书的那个人,我很熟悉他。She, who has help med, I will try to help her.(宾语较长,口语)她帮助过我的,我要尽力帮助她。英语SVO可以转为:3)Prep + OSV +(pron.)汉译为Prep + OSV +(pron.)As for me, Ive little to tell.关于新闻,我没有生命可说的。As to the conditions, he said nothing.关于条件,他没有说什么。英语SVO可以转为:4)VSO汉译为S

10、VO Had I the time, I would go.(条件句)如果我有时间,我就去。Im going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me.(强调谓语)我要回到华盛顿去为此而奋斗,你相信我吧。Said he: “We confront great evils and we need great solutions.”(新闻媒体直接引语)他说道:“我们面对着重大的邪恶,我们需要重大的决策。”英语SVO可以转为:5)OVS汉译为OSV “Yes,” said the youth shortly.(强调直接宾语)“是的,”那个小

11、伙子简短地说道。汉译为SVO “Head injuries generally occur not because of the vehicles speed, but because of vertical distancehow far your head travels to hit the pavement,” explains Harry, director of the University of Southern Californias Head Protection Research Laboratory and principal investigator in studie

12、s involving 2000 motorcycle and 800 bicycle accidents.(强调直接引语)南加州大学头部防护实验室主任哈利 霍特,对包括2,000其摩托车事故和800起自行车事故负责过调查研究,他解释说:“头部伤一般不是由交通工具的速度导致的,而是由垂直距离造成的即你的头部经过多处距离撞到了地上。”Someone once said Australia is a country born to alcoholism. A man would pay $5 to get drunk and $8 to get home, goes the jest.有人说过,澳

13、大利亚是一个生性嗜酒的国家。有个笑话说,那里的人会花5块钱喝酒,然后再花8块钱回家。英语SVO可以转为:6)V1 S V2 O(V1是情态动词,V2是实意动词)汉语基本上都译为常式句。How did you work out that problem?(特殊疑问句)你们是怎样解决那个问题的?Could/Might I but see my native land, I would die a happy man.(条件句长)我只有能够/可以看到故土,死也高兴了。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely.(条件句)假如他们进攻我们,

14、就把他们彻底消灭。Only in this way can we learn English.(only前置)只有这样我们才能学会英语。Often had she intended to speak of this.(often 前置)她常说起这事。Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill.(名词短语前置)我童年时期曾多次爬过那座山。Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of

15、Western brass instruments.(并列连词前置)他们不但做了音乐表演,而且也简短地介绍了铜管乐器的历史。英语SVO可以转为:7)V2 S V1 O汉语基本上都译为OSV或常式句。Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.(让步状语从句)你怎么改变主意,也不会得到更多的援助。Break his neck, I will.(强调动宾结构)扭断他的脖子,我会的。Write a poem I cannot, let me write an essay instead.(强调动宾和对比)写诗我不会,让我写诗吧。They have promised to finish the work, and finish it they will.(强调动宾及上下文衔接)他们保证完成这项工作, 完成这项工作,他们是一定会的。英语SVO可以转为:8)O V1 S V2汉译为SVO.What do you want?你要想什么?W

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