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1、Agency theory has been used by scholars in accounting, economics, finance, marketing, political science, organizational behavior, and sociology. Yet, it is still surrounded by controversy. Its proponents argue that a revolution is at hand and that the foundation for a powerful theory of organization
2、s is being put into place. Its detractors call it trivial, dehumanizing, and even dangerous.代理理论已被学者用于在会计，经济，金融，市场营销学，政治学，组织行为学和社会学。然而，它仍然被争议包围。它的支持者争辩说，革命就在眼前，而且“一个强大的组织理论的基础正在落实到位”（詹森，1983年，第324页）。它的批评者称之为琐碎，非人性化，甚至是“危险的”。Which is it: grand theory or great sham? The purposes of this paper are to d
3、escribe agency theory and to indicate ways in which organizational researchers can use its insights. The paper is organized around four questions that are germane to organizational research. The first asks the deceptively simple question, What is agency theory? Often, the technical style, mathematic
4、s, and tautological reasoning of the agency literature can obscure the theory. Moreover, the agency literature is split into two camps (Jensen, 1983), leading to differences in interpretation. For example, Barney and Ouchi (1986) argued that agency theory emphasizes how capital markets can affect th
5、e firm, whereas other authors made no reference to capital markets at all (Anderson, 1985; Demski & Feltham, 1978; Eccles, 1985; Eisenhardt, 1985).这是它：宏大理论或大假？本文的目的是描述代理理论，并指出如何使组织的研究人员可以使用它的见解。本文是围绕四个问题是有密切关系的组织研究。第一问的看似简单的问题，什么是代理理论？通常情况下，技术风格，数学和文学社的同义反复的推理可以掩盖的理论。此外，该机构的文献被分为两大阵营（詹森，1983），从而导致不同
6、解释。例如，Barney和大内（1986）认为，代理理论强调怎样的资本市场能够影响企业，而其他作者所有（安德森，1985未提及资本市场; Demski费尔塔姆，1978;埃克尔斯，1985;艾森哈特， 1985）。The second question is, What does agency theory contribute to organizational theory? Proponents such as Ross (1973, p. 134) argued that examples of agency are universal. Yet other scholars such
7、 as Perrow (1986) claimed that agency theory addresses no clear problems, and Hirsch and Friedman (1986) called it excessively narrow, focusing only on stock price. For economists, long accustomed to treating the organization as a black box in the theory of the firm, agency theory may be revolutiona
8、ry. Yet, for organizational scholars the worth of agency theory is not so obvious. 第二个问题是，什么是代理理论有助于组织理论？支持者如罗斯（1973年，第134页）认为，“代理的例子是通用的。”然而，其他学者如佩罗（1986）声称，代理理论的地址不明确的问题，赫希和Friedman（1986）称之为过于狭窄，只关注股票价格。对于经济学家，早就习惯了处理组织中的企业理论的“黑盒子”，代理理论可能是革命性的。然而，对于组织学者代理理论的价值就不那么明显了。The third question is, Is agen
9、cy theory empirically valid? The power of the empirical research on agency theory to explain organizational phenomena is important to assess, particularly in light of the criticism that agency theory is hardly subject to empirical test since it rarely tries to explain actual events (Perrow, 1986, p.
10、 224). Perrow (1986) also criticized the theory for being unrealistically one-sided because of its neglect of potential exploitation of workers. 第三个问题是，是代理理论实证有效的？在代理理论的实证研究来解释组织现象的力量是重要的评估，特别是在光的批评，代理理论是“很难受实证检验，因为它很少试图解释实际事件”（佩罗，1986年，页。 224）。佩罗（1986）也批评理论为是因为工人的潜在剥削其忽视不切实际的片面。The final question i
11、s, What topics and contexts are fruitful for organizational researchers who use agency theory? Identifying how useful agency theory can be to organizational scholars requires understanding the situations in which the agency perspective can provide theoretical leverage. 最后一个问题是，什么主题和上下文是富有成效的人谁使用代理理论
12、组织研究人员？如何识别有用的代理理论可以是组织学者需要了解在该机构的角度可以提供理论上的杠杆作用的情况。The principal contributions of the paper are to present testable propositions, identify contributions of the theory to organizational thinking, and evaluate the extant empirical literature. The overall conclusion is that agency theory is a useful a
13、ddition to organizational theory. The agency theory ideas on risk, outcome uncertainty, incentives, and information systems are novel contributions to organizational thinking, and the empirical evidence is supportive of the theory, particularly when coupled with complementary theoretical perspective
14、s.本文的主要贡献是提出可检验的命题，找准理论来组织思想的贡献，并评估现存的实证研究。总的结论是，代理理论是一个有益的补充组织理论。代理理论观点上的风险，结果的不确定性，激励机制和信息系统对组织思维新颖的贡献，而经验证据支持的理论，加上互补的理论观点时尤为如此。Origins of Agency Theory代理理论的起源During the 1960s and early 1970s, economists explored risk sharing among individuals or groups (e.g., Arrow, 1971; Wilson, 1968). This lit
15、erature described the risk-sharing problem as one that arises when cooperating parties have different attitudes toward risk. Agency theory broadened this risk-sharing literature to include the so-called agency problem that occurs when cooperating parties have different goals and division of labor (J
16、ensen & Meckling, 1976; Ross, 1973). Specifically, agency theory is directed at the ubiquitous agency relationship, in which one party (the principal) delegates work to an- other (the agent), who performs that work. Agency theory attempts to describe this relationship using the metaphor of a contract (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). 在20世纪60年代和70年代初，经济学家探讨个人或群体之间的风险分担（例如，箭头，1971年威尔逊，1968）。该文献中描述的风险分担问题，因为一个出现时合作方有对风险的不同态度。代理理论扩大了这种风险分担的文献，包括在合作各方有不同的目标和分工发生了所谓的代理问
