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1、 外文原文History of the Internet（19692009）1969: ArpanetArpanet was the first real network to run on packet switching technology (new at the time). On the October 29, 1969, computers at Stanford and UCLA connected for the first time. In effect, they were the first hosts on what would one day become the I
2、nternet.The first message sent across the network was supposed to be “Login”, but reportedly, the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter “g”.1970: Arpanet networkAn Arpanet network was established between Harvard, MIT, and BBN (the company that created the “interface message processor”
3、computers used to connect to the network) in 1970.1971: EmailEmail was first developed in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, who also made the decision to use the “” symbol to separate the user name from the computer name (which later on became the domain name).1971: Project Gutenberg and eBooksOne of the most
4、impressive developments of 1971 was the start of Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, for those unfamiliar with the site, is a global effort to make books and documents in the public domain available electronicallyfor freein a variety of eBook and electronic formats.It began when Michael Hart gaine
5、d access to a large block of computing time and came to the realization that the future of computers wasnt in computing itself, but in the storage, retrieval and searching of information that, at the time, was only contained in libraries. He manually typed (no OCR at the time) the “Declaration of In
6、dependence” and launched Project Gutenberg to make information contained in books widely available in electronic form. In effect, this was the birth of the eBook.1972: CYCLADESFrance began its own Arpanet-like project in 1972, called CYCLADES. While Cyclades was eventually shut down, it did pioneer
7、a key idea: the host computer should be responsible for data transmission rather than the network itself.1973: The first trans-Atlantic connection and the popularity of emailingArpanet made its first trans-Atlantic connection in 1973, with the University College of London. During the same year, emai
8、l accounted for 75% of all Arpanet network activity.1974: The beginning of TCP/IP1974 was a breakthrough year. A proposal was published to link Arpa-like networks together into a so-called “inter-network”, which would have no central control and would work around a transmission control protocol (whi
9、ch eventually became TCP/IP).1975: The email clientWith the popularity of emailing, the first modern email program was developed byJohn Vittal, a programmer at the University of Southern California in 1975. The biggest technological advance this program (called MSG) made was the addition of”Reply” a
10、nd “Forward” functionality.1977: The PC modem1977 was a big year for the development of the Internet as we know it today. Its the year the first PC modem, developed by Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington, was introduced and initially sold to computer hobbyists.1978: The Bulletin Board System (BBS)Th
11、e first bulletin board system (BBS) was developed during a blizzard in Chicago in 1978.1978: Spam is born1978 is also the year that brought the first unsolicited commercial email message(later known as spam), sent out to 600 California Arpanet users by Gary Thuerk.1979: MUD The earliest form of mult
12、iplayer gamesThe precursor to World of Warcraft and Second Life was developed in 1979, and was called MUD (short for MultiUser Dungeon). MUDs were entirely text-based virtual worlds, combining elements of role-playing games, interactive, fiction, and online chat.1979: Usenet1979 also ushered into th
13、e scene: Usenet, created by two graduate students. Usenet was an internet-based discussion system, allowing people from around the globe to converse about the same topics by posting public messages categorized by newsgroups.1980: ENQUIRE softwareThe European Organization for Nuclear Research (better
14、 known as CERN) launchedENQUIRE (written by Tim Berners-Lee), a hypertext program that allowed scientists at the particle physics lab to keep track of people, software, and projects using hypertext (hyperlinks).1982: The first emoticonWhile many people credit Kevin MacKenzie with the invention of th
15、e emoticon in 1979, it was Scott Fahlman in 1982 who proposed using after a joke, rather than the original -) proposed by MacKenzie. The modern emoticon was born.1983: Arpanet computers switch over to TCP/IPJanuary 1, 1983 was the deadline for Arpanet computers to switch over to the TCP/IP protocols
16、 developed by Vinton Cerf. A few hundred computers were affected by the switch. The name server was also developed in 831984: Domain Name System (DNS)The domain name system was created in 1984 along with the first Domain Name Servers (DNS). The domain name system was important in that it made addresses on the Internet more human-friendly compared to its numerical IP address
