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1、Unit 1Text A1.raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed The event took place on a raw February morning.This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made.2.launch: vt. 1) startBeginning
2、in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets.This computer company launches a new product this year.2) send (sth.) on its courseOn October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the worlds first artificial satelliteCollocation: launch an attack 发动战争launch a massive campaign 发动一场大
3、规模的运动launch a company 开一家公司launch threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁launch into （积极有力地）开始launch out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.3.campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities
4、 with a particular aim The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.campaign, battle & war 这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意campaign 通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连 串有既定目的的军事行动，也可作引申用。battle 强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指 陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间
5、的争斗。war 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. Many war criminals were proceeded against following World War II. 2. The American presidential campaign lasts for eighteen months. 3. It was a decisive battle we won the war because
6、 of it. 4. The Philippines had suffered grievously under the Japanese occupation. A highly effective guerilla campaign controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. 4.efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without wasteTo cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more
7、 efficient cars. It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.5.conquest: n. conquering, defeat Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple.The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.conquest, triumph & victory 这三个词都是名词，均含有“胜利”之意conque
8、st 指获取胜利或征服，把失败者置于控制之下。triumph 着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。victory 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的 胜利，强调艰辛与成功。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. Under the leadership of the Party, we are marching from victory to victory . 2. The Yangtze Bridge is a great triumph of modern
9、civil engineering. 3. It was a triumph of human intellect, and also international cooperation and communication.4.In process of time, Rome became a great empire by conquest6.retreat: v. move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficultyAfter a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.We
10、 adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.retreat 的反义词是advance，例如：to advance against (on, to, toward) 朝前进to retreat from 从撤退to retreat to 撤退到 7.engage: vt.1) begin fighting with sb.The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immed
11、iately. They engaged the enemy.2) draw into; involveWe tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain.3) attract sb.s interestWe failed to engage any active support for our project.His good nature engages everyone.4) OccupyStudying engages most of a serious students time.Work engages much of h
12、er time.Pattern：engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth.They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations. The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation. Collocation:engage as 使聘为engage in 从事；使参加engage with 与啮合8.be faced with: have to deal with be faced with: have to deal
13、with We were faced with an exceptionally difficult situation.9.crucial: adj. very important (followed by to)Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final game.Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery. crucial, critical & decisive 这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的” 之意。cru
14、cial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不 断增长的缺乏或需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。 例如：We must pay attention to this crucial test.critical 意为“决定性的”，与crucial相似，但表示对缺 乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表 现出更大的严重性。例如：The patients condition is critical. decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊 或决定性效果。 例如：Our air forces were decisive in winning the war.10.take a gamble: take a riskThe company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.I think shes taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks.11.press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the
