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1、257 Medium Access Control protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: A survey Original Research ArticleAd Hoc Networks, Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2006, Pages 326-358Sunil Kumar, Vineet S. Raghavan, Jing DengClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | Refe
2、rences AbstractStudies of ad hoc wireless networks are a relatively new field gaining more popularity for various new applications. In these networks, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are responsible for coordinating the access from active nodes. These protocols are of significant importanc
3、e since the wireless communication channel is inherently prone to errors and unique problems such as the hidden-terminal problem, the exposed-terminal problem, and signal fading effects. Although a lot of research has been conducted on MAC protocols, the various issues involved have mostly been pres
4、ented in isolation of each other. We therefore make an attempt to present a comprehensive survey of major schemes, integrating various related issues and challenges with a view to providing a big-picture outlook to this vast area. We present a classification of MAC protocols and their brief descript
5、ion, based on their operating principles and underlying features. In conclusion, we present a brief summary of key ideas and a general direction for future work.Article Outline1. Introduction 1.1. Applications1.2. Important issues1.3. Need for special MAC protocols2. Classification3. Review of non-Q
6、oS MAC protocols Purchase$ 27.953.1. General MAC protocols 3.1.1. Multiple access collision avoidance (MACA)3.1.2. IEEE 802.11 MAC scheme3.1.3. Multiple access collision avoidance-by invitation (MACA-BI)3.1.4. Group allocation multiple access with packet sensing (GAMA-PS)3.2. Power aware MAC protoco
7、ls 3.2.1. Power aware medium access control with signaling (PAMAS)3.2.2. Dynamic power saving mechanism (DPSM)3.2.3. Power control medium access control (PCM)3.2.4. Power controlled multiple access (PCMA)3.3. Multiple channel protocols 3.3.1. Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)3.3.2. Multi channe
8、l CSMA MAC protocol3.3.3. Hop-reservation multiple access (HRMA)3.3.4. Multi-channel medium access control (MMAC)3.3.5. Dynamic channel assignment with power control (DCA-PC)3.4. Protocols using directional antennas3.5. Unidirectional MAC protocols4. QoS-aware MAC protocols 4.1. Issues affecting QoS
9、4.2. Review of selected QoS-aware MAC protocols 4.2.1. Real-time MAC (RT-MAC)4.2.2. DCF with priority classes4.2.3. Enhanced DCF4.2.4. Black burst (BB) contention4.2.5. Elimination by sieving (ES-DCF) and deadline bursting (DB-DCF)4.2.6. Multiple access collision avoidance with piggyback reservation
10、s (MACA/PR)4.2.7. Asynchronous QoS enabled multi-hop MAC4.2.8. Distributed fair scheduling (DFS)5. Summary and future directions 5.1. Future directions 5.1.1. Hidden/exposed terminal problems5.1.2. Interference-limited model5.1.3. Energy conservation5.1.4. Single channel vs. multiple channels5.1.5.
11、Multi-hop networks5.1.6. Fairness among competing nodes5.1.7. Directional antennas5.1.8. QoS issues6. ConclusionReferencesVitae258 Microscopic 3-D displacement field measurements using digital speckle photography Original Research ArticleOptics and Lasers in Engineering, Volume 41, Issue 5, May 2004
12、, Pages 767-777Linda Larsson, Mikael Sjdahl, Fredrik ThuvanderShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Purchase$ 39.95259 Algorithms and protocols for stateless constrained-based routing Original Research ArticleComputer Communications, Volume 26, Issue 14, 1 September 2003,
13、 Pages 1570-1580Baoxian Zhang, Marwan KrunzClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | References AbstractQuality of service (QoS) routing has generally been addressed in the context of reservation-based network services (e.g. ATM, IntServ), which r
14、equire Purchase$ 41.95explicit (out of band) signaling of reservation requests and maintenance of per-flow state information. It has been recognized that the processing of per-flow state information poses scalability problems, especially at core routers. To remedy this situation, in this paper we in
15、troduce an approach for stateless QoS routing in IP networks that assumes no support for signaling or reservation from the network. Instead, our approach makes use of the currently unused two bits in the DiffServ (DS) byte of the IP packet header. Simple heuristics are used to identify a low-cost de
16、lay-constrained path. These heuristics essentially divide the end-to-end path into at most two superedges that are connected by a relay node. Routers that lie on the same superedge use either the cost metric or the delay metric (but not both) to forward the packet. Standard hop-by-hop forwarding is performed with respect to either metric. Two different approaches are presented for implementing the relay-based forwarding. In the first approach, a
