《The Effect of Efficiency Standards on Water Use and Water….pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《The Effect of Efficiency Standards on Water Use and Water….pdf（21页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、LBL-35475 UC-000 The Effect of Efficiency Standards on Water Use and Water Heating Energy Use in the U.S.: A Detailed End-use Treatment Jonathan G. Koomey, Camilla Dunham, and James D. Lutz Energy Analysis Program Energy and Environment Division Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 May 19
2、94 The work described in this paper was supported by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Alternative Fuels Policy, Office of Policy of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03- 76SF00098. i The Effect of Efficiency Standards on Water Use and Water Heating Energy Use in the U.S.: A
3、 Detailed End-use Treatment1 Jonathan G. Koomey, Camilla Dunham, and James D. Lutz Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory SYNOPSIS This paper analyzes US residential water use and water heater energy use. It also investigates water and energy savings associated with existing equipment efficiency standards. Ke
4、ywords: Residential codes and standards, Water heating, Water conservation, Forecasting, Program design ABSTRACT Water heating is an important end-use, accounting for roughly 16% of total primary energy consumption in the US residential sector. Recently enacted efficiency standards on water heaters
5、and hot water-using equipment (e.g., dishwashers, clothes washers, showerheads, and faucets) will substantially affect the energy use of water heaters in the future. Assessment of current and future utility programs and government policies requires that regulators, resource planners, and forecasters
6、 understand the effects of these regulations. In order to quantify these impacts, this paper presents a detailed end-use breakdown of household hot and cold water use developed for the US Department of Energy. This breakdown is based on both previous studies and new data and analysis. It is implemen
7、ted in a spreadsheet forecasting framework, which allows significant flexibility in specifying end-use demands and linkages between water heaters and hot water-using appliances. We disaggregate total hot and cold water use (gallons per day) into their component parts: showers, baths, faucets (flow d
8、ominated and volume dominated), toilets, landscaping/other, dishwashers, and clotheswashers. We then use the end-use breakdown and data on equipment characteristics to assess the impacts of current efficiency standards on hot water use and water heater energy consumption. 1A shortened version of thi
9、s report will be published in the proceedings to the 1994 ACEEE Summer Study Conference on Energy Use in Buildings. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SYNOPSIS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF CORE DATA ON WATER USE AND WATER HEATING ENERGY USE 1 2.1 Characteristics of water heaters. 1 2.2 Water temper
10、ature assumptions. 3 2.3 Showers, sinks, and faucets 3 2.4 Toilets. 6 2.5 Dishwashers and clotheswashers 6 2.6 Other uses 6 3. FORECASTING METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS 6 3.1 Forecasted number of households. 6 3.2 Baseline and standards case forecasts: water use 9 3.3 Baseline and standards case forecasts
11、: energy use 9 3.4 Energy savings. 9 4. FUTURE WORK 9 4.1 Sensitivity analysis/further disaggregation. 9 4.2 Energy losses in delivering water to the tap. 13 4.3 Measurement of water use 13 4.4 Comparison to other forecasts. 13 4.5 “Upstream“ and “Downstream“ issues 13 4.6 Enforcement of standards.
12、13 5. CONCLUSIONS. 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 14 REFERENCES 14 iv 1 1. INTRODUCTION The water heating end-use is perhaps the most complicated of all residential end-uses. Usage behavior varies greatly, and depends on ownership of other appliances (e.g., clothes washers and dishwashers), on the characteris
13、tics of those appliances and other water-using equipment, on water inlet temperatures, on hot water temperature set points, and on water use temperatures. Water heating has generally been analyzed in a haphazard manner in the past, in large part because of its complexity. Measurement studies (with a
14、 few notable exceptions) have failed to capture the important data necessary for truly understanding how hot and cold water are used in US residences. For example, studies often report the number of gallons per day of hot water use per household, averaged over all households with different appliance
15、s. This number is only useful for determining total water heating energy useit provides no guidance as to what impact different conservation measures might have on that usage. It is also of limited usefulness in assessing the energy use for water heating in a particular household. The only way to as
16、sess such issues is to disaggregate total hot water use to reflect the various components of hot water loads. The guiding philosophy behind this paper is that explicit and well-chosen estimates about usage behavior for particular devices (e.g. the number of minutes each person showers per day) can be used to create a “bottom-up“ estimate of total usage that is a reasonable portrayal of average water usage. Such detailed bottom-up estimates can be used to assess the effects of policies. In the c
