《World Investment ReportCHAPTERIV R&D BY TNCS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES（PDF 39）.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《World Investment ReportCHAPTERIV R&D BY TNCS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES（PDF 39）.pdf（39页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Investment Report United Nations New York and Geneva, 2005 2005 Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R they increasingly involve “innovative” R production, marketing and other functions have moved abroad much more quickly
2、. However, some R TNCs have always had to adapt technologies for selling in host countries, and in many cases some R figure IV.3). North American TNCs were also below the average (24%). Conversely, European TNCs had high levels of R see also chapter III). The large number of majority-owned foreign a
3、ffiliates with R von Zedtwitz 2005) accounted for less than one- third of the new R and “expansionary”, whereby a TNC from a Box IV.3. Intels R it has also signed a series of collaboration agreements with universities. Intel China Research Centre (ICRC) in Beijing was established in 1998 as the comp
4、anys first research lab in the Asia-Oceania region. ICRC has conducted applied research in the areas of human computer interface, computer architecture, future workloads and compilers and runtime. In early 2005, it had a staff of 75 researchers, most of whom hold a PhD or an MSc from Chinese univers
5、ities. Among the research innovations that have emerged from ICRC are Open Research Compiler, developed jointly with the Chinese Academy of Science; Audio Visual Speech Recognition, a system using computer vision to assist speech recognition; and Microphone Array and audio signal processing technolo
6、gy. A second Chinese R only 4% of them were assigned to foreigners (table IV.10). However, in most other economies in the table including Brazil, China, India and the Russian Federation a large share of the patents were assigned to foreign entities ranging from 25% in Saudi Arabia to 86% in Kenya.33
7、 While TNCs thus appear to own a large share of USPTO patents granted to inventors in developing economies and South-East Europe and the CIS, the number of patents that are owned by foreign affiliates located in these economies is generally small. USPTO data show that most patents assigned during th
8、e period 2001-2003 to entities in the economies listed in table IV.11 were owned by domestic enterprises or, in some economies, by public institutions, but only rarely by foreign affiliates. Only in Bulgaria and Brazil did foreign affiliates account for more than 20% of all patents assigned.34 In In
9、dia and Cuba, public research institutions accounted for the largest shares (68% and 84% respectively) of those countries totals.35 Public research institutions in Singapore, the Russian Federation and Ukraine also receive a significant proportion of the patents assigned by the USPTO. 135CHAPTER IV
10、Table IV.10. United States Patent and Trademark Office patents granted to residents of selected developing economies and countries in South-East Europe and CIS, 2001-2003 (Number of patents and per cent) Patents grantedPatents assigned toThe share to residentsforeign institutionsof (b) in (a) Region
11、/economy(a)(b) (%) Africa South Africa42812629 Egypt322166 Kenya211886 Asia and Oceania Taiwan Province of China20 4148894 Republic of Korea12 1954824 China1 54397963 Singapore1 48566945 Hong Kong (China)2 06969233 India1 02240940 Malaysia28120774 Turkey1017170 Thailand20811656 Philippines1089285 Sa
12、udi Arabia641625 Indonesia1086964 Latin America and the Caribbean Brazil52422042 Mexico40921553 Argentina2027035 Bahamas473677 Bermuda221255 Cuba21- Chile542750 South-East Europe and CIS Russian Federation95665468 Ukraine1319875 Bulgaria341647 Source: UNCTAD, based on information from the USPTO pate
13、nt database. Note:The patent count in tables in this section includes all types of patents, i.e. utility, design as well as plant patents. Column (a) lists the number of patents where at least one inventor is from a developing economy or a country in South-East Europe or the CIS. Column (b) lists th
14、e number of patents in (a) that are assigned to foreigners (usually institutions). In sum, with the important exceptions of the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, foreign companies play a significant role in the innovation activities of those developing economies and countries in South-
15、East Europe and the CIS that have expanded their patenting activities in the United States during the past decade. A large share of all patents granted to inventors in these economies is assigned to owners abroad, notably TNCs. However, since few foreign affiliates are owners of patents in these cou
16、ntries it would appear that TNCs tend to centralize the ownership of patents at headquarters. D. Features of R Innovative R Global innovative R and Technology-monitoring R it varied between a high of 47% for Western European TNCs and a low of 25% for Japanese firms (Roberts 2001, p. 30). Adaptation for local markets was a close second in Japan and the United States, and a distant second in Western Europe. Regional technical support activities and basic and/or applied research in oth
