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1、凯程考研辅导班,中国最强的考研辅导机构,http:/ 考研就找凯程考研,学生满意,家长放心,社会认可!凯程考研,考研机构,10 年高质量辅导,值得信赖! 以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。2016 考研:英语语法之倒装句精解英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”,这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order),如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就称为倒装语序(inverted word order),当谓语全部置于主语之前,称为全部倒装(full inversion);当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前,称为部分倒
2、装(partial inversion)。一、全部倒装(一)there be 句型有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型,如:stand,lie,exist,live,remain,appear,come,happen,occur,rise 等。例句:Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of la
3、ws. (选自 2007 年 Use of English)分析:该句是复合句,其中 a belief 与 that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states 互为同位语关系,形容词短语 large enough to be.作定语修饰 states。译文:他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家,大到经济上可运行良好,并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。(二)表示方向、地点的状语等词置于句首here,there,up,down,away,in,out,off 等位于句首时,往往主谓倒装。例句:Here
4、 is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(选自 2002 年 Text 1)分析:该句是复合句,which I heard at a nurses convention 和 which works well共同修饰 story。译文:举个例子,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事,因为听众都对医生持有相同的看法。(三)作表语的形容词或分词置于句首
5、例句:Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.分析:该句是简单句,aged 75 修饰 an old man,作后置定语。译文:一位 75 岁高龄的老人躺在树下,已经不省人事。二、部分倒装(一)否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语如:never,scarcely,hardly,rarely,seldom,little,no sooner.than,hardly.when,scarcely.when (before),not only,in no case (in no way,at no time,on
6、no account,by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(决不,在任何情况下都不),no longer/no more(不再)。例句:Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created 凯程考研辅导班,中国最强的考研辅导机构,http:/ 考研就找凯程考研,学生满意,家长放心,社会认可!凯程考研,考研机构,10 年高质量辅导,值得信赖! 以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。and conveyed an
7、d perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005 年第 46题)分析:该句是复合句,and 前是一复合句,定语从句 by which.修饰 the means,后一分句中 never 置于句首引起倒装。译文:电视是制造和表达这些情绪的方式之一,在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面,电视也许还从来没有像在欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。(二)only+副词介词短语状语从句(句首状语由 only 修
8、饰)例句:Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (选自 2004 年 Part B)分析:该句是复合句,that were very different from their own 是修饰 languages的定语从句。译文:直到最近,语言学家才开始认真研究与他们自己所掌握的完全不同的语言。例句:Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and
9、only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(2009 年第 47 题)分析:该句是由 and 连接的两个并列简单句,两个分句都是以 only 开头的倒装句,在前一分句中,主干部分是 the byproduct of the institution was noted,only gradually 修饰 noted;在后一分句中,主干是 this effect was considered.,其中only more gra
10、dually 修饰 considered, as a directive factor 作主语 this effect 的补足语,介词短语 in the conduct of the institution 作 directive factor 的后置定语。译文:人们只是逐渐地认识到制度这一副产品,而在运行这种制度的过程中,认识到这种效果具有指导性作用的时间则更加缓慢。(三)条件从句中省略 if在虚拟语气中,条件从句 if 省略时,倒装到主语前的是助动词 should,had 和系动词were。例句:Were the Times Co. to purchase another major me
11、dia company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers.(1999 年第 13 题)分析:该句是复合句,were the Times Co. to purchase 是一省略 if 的倒装句,that it could dramatically.enterprise 是 doubt 的同位语,而 that still gets 90% of its revenues
12、 from newspapers 是修饰 enterprise 的定语从句。译文:如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司的话,那仍旧靠报纸获得 90%收入的家族式企业的模式肯定会遭到它大刀阔斧的改革。例句:Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is(1998 年第 10 题)分析:该句是复合句,had it not been.是一个省略 if 的倒装从句,整个句子表示混合式虚拟语气,主句表示与现在相反假设,从句表示与
13、过去相反假设。译文:要不是公众及时投资,我们公司不会像现在这么繁荣。(四)其他部分倒装情况表示前面陈述的情况适合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用 so 引导;前面是否定句,后面用 neither 或 nor 引导,省略倒装句中的助动词在时态和语态形式上与前面句子保持一凯程考研辅导班,中国最强的考研辅导机构,http:/ 考研就找凯程考研,学生满意,家长放心,社会认可!凯程考研,考研机构,10 年高质量辅导,值得信赖! 以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。致。例句:Americans no longer expect public figures, wh
14、ether in speech or in writing, to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.(选自 2005 年 Text 4)分析:该句是由 nor 引导的并列句。whether in speech or in writing 的完整形式是 whether they are in speech or in writing,表示让步;介词短语 with skill and gift 在句中作状语修饰动词 command。译文:美国人不再期望公众人
15、物在演讲或写作时可以娴熟地运用技巧和文采来掌握英语,而人们本身也不这样要求自己。(五)so.that 结构so.that 结构中,“so+状语”位于句首表强调时,使用倒装。例句:So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.(2001 年第 6 题)分析:该句是复合句,that leaders at summer computer camps.是
16、一结果状语从句,so involved with.置于句首引起倒装。译文:孩子们对电脑如此着迷,以至于电脑夏令营的组织者们不得不强迫他们停下来做一些体育运动和游戏。(六)not until 置于句首not until 置于句首时,连词 until 引导的从句主谓不倒装,但主句的主谓结构必须倒装。例句:Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.分析:该句是复合句。由于 not until 置于句首,主句 will you have to pay a fine 是一倒装句。译文:只有及时还书给图书馆,你才不会受罚。(七)as,though,no matter how,however 引导的让步状语从句as,though 引导的倒装句型为:名词(前不