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1、语言学知识点,Mr.Potato,I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论,I 语言学导论,1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征） 2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围),LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征) defining properties o
2、f human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication,1. design feature of language 语言定义特征,1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性),1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natur
3、al relationship to their meaning. 举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds syllables words phrases clauses
4、sentences texts/discourses,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.,4）Displacement（替代性）: 定义：Human languages
5、 enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.,5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）: 定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,3. Design feature 定义特征,1)Arbitrarines
6、s（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性) 如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance,LOR
7、EM IPSUM DOLOR,1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,举例： Dont say X. People dont say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statemen
8、t.,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究) 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研
9、究),2. 世界语言分类,2. 世界语言分类,3). langue（语言） & parole （言语） Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,举例： 汉语系统 langue 每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语 parole,Imp
10、ortant Distinctions in Linguistics,4) Competence（语言能力） and performance （语言运用） theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基) competence: users knowledge of rules about the linguistic system. performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围) 1
11、）按研究内容来分 2）按研究导向来分,语言学分类-按研究内容分,语言学分类-按研究内容分,语言学分类-按研究导向分,语言学分类-按研究内容分,语言学分类-按研究内容分,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,考点: 1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and ho
12、w they are received. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处
13、, 音系学不研究,Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.,语音学分类,articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speakers production acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: transmissions medium auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receivers reception,如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanic
14、s phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强 geology, sociology, astrology phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强,Speech organs,How speech sounds are made,Position of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音),LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causi
15、ng obstruction 清音举例：p,s,t Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrates 浊音: b,z,d,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of th
16、e consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 音系学重要概念: phone音子， phoneme音位 (音系研究的基本单位) supra-segmental features超音段特征,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR,Phone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones 举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too
