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1、1,经济学的十大原理,Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2012 UPDATE, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected w
2、ebsite for classroom use.,N.格里高利.曼昆 著,经济学原理,第6版,经济学十大原理,本教学PPT双语版由 浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译,1,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on
3、 a password-protected website for classroom use.,本章我们将探索这些问题的答案:,经济学研究什么问题? 人们如何做出决策? 人们如何相互交易? 整体经济如何运行?,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or serv
4、ice or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,经济学研究什么问题,稀缺性: 社会资源的有限性 经济学: 研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源, 比如： 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间，储蓄多少， 消费多少 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其他需求之间分配资源,0,0,人们如何做出决策,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in w
5、hole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍,所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如: 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时间学习 想要更多的收入需要工作更长时间，这就使得休息时间减少 保护环境意味着生产消费物品的资源减少,0,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. Al
6、l Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍,社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍: 效率 vs. 平等 效率: 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益 平等: 经
7、济成果在社会成员中平均分配 权衡取舍：为使社会更加平等, 需要在富人与穷人之间重新分配收入。但这会减少工作与生产的激励，并缩小经济“蛋糕”的规模,0,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
8、protected website for classroom use.,原理二: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西,人们做出决策时需要比较可供选择行动方案的成本与利益 任何一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西 这是人们做决策的相关成本,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a c
9、ertain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理二: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西,例如： 上一年大学的机会成本不仅仅是学费，书籍，住房和伙食的钱全部加起来，还包括由于没有工作而损失的工资 看一场电影的机会成本不仅是票价，还包括你呆在剧院的时间的价值,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or
10、 in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理三: 理性人考虑边际量,理性人： 系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人 通过比较成本与利益的边际变动来做出决策 边际变动 对现有行动计划的微小增量调整,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be co
11、pied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理三: 理性人考虑边际量,例如: 当一个大学生考虑是否要多上一年学时，他会比较学费加上损失的工资和多上一年学所增加的额外收入 当一个经理在考虑是否要增加产出时, 她会在增加的劳动力与原材料的成本
12、和额外的收益之间进行比较,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,原理四: 人们会对激励做出反应,激励：引起一个人做
13、出某种行为的某种东西，诸如惩罚或奖励的预期 理性人会对激励做出反应 例如： 当汽油价格上涨时, 消费者会更多的购买混合动力汽车，更少购买耗油的越野车 当烟草税上升时，青少年吸烟人数会下降,主动学习 1 原理的应用,你准备出售一款1996年的福田野马，并且已经在这辆车的维修上面花了$1000。然而，车的变速器坏了，你能够选择再花$600将车修好，或者就此售出 在下面的情形中，你应该把变速器修好吗？并解释 A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正常，则是$5700 B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不正常，则是$5500, 2013 Cengage Learning.
14、 All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,主动学习 1 参考答案,修理变速器的成本= $600 A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正常，则是$5700
15、 修理变速器的收益= $800 ($6500 5700) 因此，修理变速器是值得的 B.如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不正常，则是$5500 修理变速器的收益仅仅为$500 因此花费$600修理变速器是不值得的, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or
16、 service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,主动学习 1 思考,你最初花在维修上的 $1000没有任何影响，重要的是边际修理（变速器）的收益与成本 由A情形到B情形激励的改变导致你决策的改变, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.,0,人们如何相互交易,*, 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserv
