Chapter 2 Foundation of Individual Behavior,,goals,1. List the dominant values in today’s workforce 2. Describe the relationship between satisfaction and productivity 3. Explain the theory of cognitive dissonance 4. Summarize the relationship between attitude and behavior 5. Explain how two people can see the same thing and interpret it differently 6. Summarize attribution theory,A—Personality,Our personality shape our behavior. Why are some people quiet and passive, while others are loud and aggressive? Are certain personality types better adapted than others for certain job types?,Defining Personality,Gordon Allport : Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.,Personality Determinants,Heredity Physical stature Facial attractiveness Gender Temperament Muscle composition and reflexes Energy level Biological rhythms Environment,Personality traits（人格特质）,Enduring characteristics: Shy Aggressive Submissive Lazy Ambitious Loyal timid,The Myers- Briggs Type Indicator 迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标（MBTI）,MBTI is the most widely used personality-assessment instrument in the world. Extroverted / Introverted (外向/内向型)E/I Sensing / Intuitive (领悟/直觉型)S/N Thinking / Feeling (思维/情感型)T/F Judging / Perceiving (判断/感知型)J/P These classifications together describe 16 personality types. Big Five Personality Model,Extraversion （外倾性） Extraverts: gregarious, assertive, sociable Introverts: reserved, timid, queit Agreeableness （随和性） High: cooperative, warm, trusting Low: cold, disagreeable, antagonistic Conscientiousness （责任心） High: responsible, organized, dependable, persistent Low: easily distracted, disorganized, unreliable,,Emotional stability （情绪稳定性） Positive: calm, self-confident, secure Negative: nervous, anxious, depressed, insecure Openness to experience （经验的开放性） High: creative, curious, artistically sensitive Low: conventional, find comfort in familiar,Type A Personality（A型人格）,Type A’s: 1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; 2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place; 3. strive to think or do two or more things at once, 4. cannot cope with leisure time; 5. are obsesses with numbers, measuring their success in term of how many or how much of everything they acquire.,,Type A’s operate under moderate to high level of stress. Type A’s do better than Type B’s in job interviews.,Self- monitoring(自我监控）,Self- monitoring refers to an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. High self-monitors are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. They are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self.,B—Values,Values----basic convictions “A specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personality or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct end-state of existence”. Values have both content and intensity attributes. Content----important Intensity----how important,,Value system represent a prioritizing of individual values. All of us have a hierarchy or values that forms our value system. They’re identified by the relative importance an individual assigns to values such as freedom, pleasure, self-respect, honesty, obedience, and equality.,Type of values,Rokeach value survey(罗克奇价值观调查) Terminal values（终极价值观）- refers to desirable end-states of existence. These are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. Instrumental values（工具价值观）- refers to preferable modes of behavior, or means or achieving the terminal values.,Terminal values Instrumental Values,A comfortable life Ambitious A sense of accomplishment Capable A world of peace Cheerful A world of beauty Clean Equality Courageous Family security Helpful Happiness Honest Inner harmony Imaginative Pleasure Logical Salvation Obedient Social recognition Polite True friendiship Responsible,,Contemporary Work Cohorts (当代工作群体),,Values Across Cultures,A Framework for Assessing Cultures 1970s Geert Hofstede Five value dimensions of national culture,,Power distance Individualism vs. collectivism Quantity of life vs. quality or life Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避 Long- term vs. short- term orientation,,Not all OB theories and concepts are universally applicable to managing people around the world. You should take into consideration cultural values when trying to understand the behavior of people in different countries.,C — Attitudes,Attitudes are evaluative statements ---- either favorable or unfavorable ---- concerning objects, people, or events. Researchers have assumed that attitudes have three components: cognitio。