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1、英语长句分析,什么是长句,长句在语法上称为复合句，是由一个主要的句子（主句）和一个或几个从属子句（从句）组成，也就是说，它包含有两个或更多的主谓结构，其中有一个（或更多的）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成份，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。有的长句中兼有复合句和并列句，即一个并列句中的一个（或更多）分句，包含有一个（或更多）从句，这类句子有些语法学家称为并列复合句。,为了便于分析，在此以红色部分表示主语，兰色部分表示谓语，下划线部分表示宾语，斜体部分表示主从连词和关联，“（ ）”表示定语，“ ”表示状语。 主语 谓语 斜体部分 主从连词和关联 _ 宾语 （ ） 定语 状语,长句分析时应掌握的几
2、个要点,先找关键词，即找出长句中有几个谓语，几个连词和关联词，若不是并列谓语，就可根据谓语再找出相应的主语，从而可把长句化为几个简单句。如： 地点状语从句 定语从句 例(1) When a body (which has a certain temperature) becomes hotter we say that heat has been added to it. 宾语从句 当具有某一温度的物体变为更热时，我们就说有热量加到该物体上了,例(2) Where abnormal conditions or the need to carry large quantities of oil
3、fuel render it necessary to carry ballast water (which is not a clean ballast in any oil fuel tank), such ballast water shall be discharged to reception facilities, and an entry shall be made in the Oil Record Book to the effect. 上句中有四个主谓结构，由三个连词和关联词连结，其中并列连词引出了一个并列子句。 本句可译成：如异常情况或需要载有大量燃油使必需在燃油舱中装载
4、不清洁的压载水时，这种压载水应排至接收设备，并应将这一排放记入油类记录簿。,2. 要注意句中省略,例(3) There are three things (we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect) (it produced.) 通常，连词和关联词的省略出现在下列情况：引出定语从句的关系代词（that, which, who, whom）在从句中充当宾语时；引出宾语从句的连词that也常出现省略。经分析，在主谓结构 “we have to know” 和 “it produced
5、” 前都省略了在从句中作宾语的关系词which（或that），分别用来说明前面的先行词things和effect。 译成：为了了解每个力所产生的效果，我们必须知道力的三要素。,3. 注意词的搭配和前后呼应,e.g. We may speak of anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as being positive, and of anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as being negative. 上句中有三个谓语，两个关联词（没有省略），
6、由此可知有一个主句和两个从句。这里要注意“speak of as”这种用as引出宾语补足语的用法，在它之前插入定语从句仍能识别。and后省略了“may speak”。 译成：我们可把凡是比地球电位高的物体说成是带正电的，而把凡是比地球电位低的物体说成是带负电的。,5. 注意成份割裂,例（5）If lubricating oil encounters high temperature it can burn, leaving as it does so carbon deposit. If lubricating oil encounters high temperature it can bu
7、rn, leaving as it does so carbon deposit. 句中，carbon deposit是分词leaving的宾语，被as引出的状语从句隔开了。 译成：滑油如果遇上高温就会燃烧，燃烧时会留下积碳。,例（6）In a fluid that is in motion there is a decrease in pressure where the speed is increased, and an increase in pressure where the speed is decreased. In a fluid (that is in motion) th
8、ere is a decrease in pressure where the speed is increased, and an increase in pressure where the speed is decreased. 句中，两个并列主语decrease和increase被中间的地点状语从句隔开。 译成：在运动的流体内，在速度增加处，其压力就减少，而在速度减小处，其压力就增加。,Summary,一般来说，先找谓语，连词、关联词，然后找各谓语相应的主语（若主语明显，也可先确定主语）。这样就把长句分为几个简单句。 若没有并列的谓语，则有几个谓语就有几个句子。可利用这点来判断句中连词
9、或关联词是否省略。 搞清楚各句的意思，并把各句联系起来，确定其间意义关系。 结合上下文理解整个长句，但句意应合乎道理，这是辩别长句分析是否正确的重要手段。若句意讲不通，就得重新分析句子，直到讲通为止。,Exercise,The inlet and exhaust valve seats may become damaged during operation and from time to time they have to be reconditioned by grinding in the valve. This is required much more often in the ca
10、se of the exhaust valves because of operation at higher temperature and because the gases flowing through may contain particles of carbonaceous matter which occasionally get trapped under the valve seat causing pitting.,This is required much more often in the case of the exhaust valves because of op
11、eration at higher temperature and because the gases flowing through may contain particles of carbonaceous matter which occasionally get trapped under the valve seat causing pitting. 排气阀更需如此(与阀座重新研配), 因为排气阀在高温下工作,且(流过其中的)排气中可能含有碳颗粒,它们有时聚在阀座下产生点蚀.,The life of an exhaust valve between twice of recondit
12、ioning can be extended if the thermal loads to which it is subjected can be evenly distributed around the valve. The life of an exhaust valve between twice of reconditioning can be extended if the thermal loads to which it is subjected can be evenly distributed around the valve. 如果排气阀所承受的热负荷均匀分布在阀上,
13、排气阀两次研配的间隔可以延长.,This can be accomplished by rotating the valves slowly as the engine is working. Valve rotators which carry out this movement have a type of ratcheting mechanism which indexes the valve round a small amount every time it is operated by the rocker gear.,Valve rotators which carry out this movement have a type of ratcheting mechanism which indexes the valve round a small amount every time it is operated by the rocker gear. (使阀缓慢转动的)这个动作由转阀器来完成, 转阀器带有棘轮机构,棘轮机构由摇杆机构驱动,每次使阀转动一点.,
